stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
General Psychology Review 2025 Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
General Psychology Review 2025
General Psychology Review 2025
98 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
116 plays
Imported from external platform
Flashcards
98 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
98
Answers
1
In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, participants were most likely to conform to the group's incorrect answers when
The individual had no prior exposure to the subject
The group was large and unanimous
The individual had a strong opinion of their own
The group consisted of only two people
2
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
3
Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?
An emotional response to a particular group of people
People in a certain group share characteristics even with differences
A specific action taken toward a person based on their behavior
An attitude toward a specific person based on their behavior
4
Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to
Work harder when in a group than when working alone
Be less motivated to perform well in a group setting, assuming others will
Be more creative when in groups than when alone
Become more conscientious when working in teams
5
Which type of therapy involves the use of medication to manage psychological symptoms?
Psychodynamic therapy
Behavioral therapy
Client-centered therapy
Biological therapy
6
The defining feature of a major depressive disorder is:
A manic episode
Sudden and extreme shifts in mood
A persistent low mood lasting at least two weeks
A history of traumatic events
7
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?
Changing your behavior to avoid punishment
Agreeing with a group's opinion even if it contradicts your own
Joining a group because of peer pressure
Feeling uncomfortable after realizing one has acted inconsistent to belief
8
The placebo effect refers to:
The experimenter's bias affecting the results
Changes in behavior caused by the participant's expectations
Changes in behavior due to the independent variable
The random assignment of participants
9
Stress is best defined as:
The physical repsonse to illness
The body's response to external demands
A chronic feeling of happiness
A permanent state of anxiety
10
Which of the following is an example of a prenatal stage of development?
Toddlerhood
Infancy
Fetal stage
Adulthood
11
A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement delivers reinforcement
After a random number of responses
After a variable amount of time
After a set number of responses
After a fixed amount of time
12
Classical conditioning was first described by:
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
13
Which of the following is the goal of exposure therapy?
To help clients develop new coping strategies
To confront clients with their fears in a controlled environment
To teach clients
To help clients explore childhood experiences
14
Which of the following is a form of observational learning?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modeling
Shaping
15
The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the power of:
Social influence in reducing anxiety
Group conformity and social roles
The need for authority and control in groups
Prejudice in shaping behavior
16
In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is known as the
Confounding variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Control variable
17
The method of remembering information by associating it with a story or visual image is known as:
Rehearsal
Semantic encoding
Chunking
Mnemonic devices
18
The process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior is known as:
Generalization
Discrimination
Shaping
Extinction
19
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior is called a:
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Punisher
Reinforcer
20
The theory that suggests people are motivated by a desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs is called:
Schachter-Singer theory
Drive reduction theory
James-Lange theory
Cannon-bard theory
21
Which perspective focuses on how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives?
Cognitive perspective
Evolutionary perspective
Behavioral perspective
Psychodynamic perspective
22
Which of the following best describes the concept of conservation in Piaget's theory?
Quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance
The ability to perform complex mathematical operations
The ability to understand abstract concepts
Children's ability to understand that objects continue to exist if hidden
23
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the primary conflict during adolescence is:
Trust vs. Mistrust
Industry vs. Inferiority
Integrity vs. Despair
Identity vs. Role Confusion
24
The part of the neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body is the
Dendrite
Synapse
Soma
Axon
25
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, the neutral stimulus became the:
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
26
Sensation refers to the process of:
Organizing sensory information
Detecting and encoding physical energy from the environment
Interpreting sensory information
Storing sensory information in memory
27
The fundamental distribution error refers to the tendency to:
Attribute others' behavior to random chance
Overestimate the role of situational factors in others' behavior
Attribute one's own behavior to external circumstances
Attributing all behavior to situational factors
28
The general adaption syndrome (GAS) describes:
The five stages of grief
The stages of emotional processing after trauma
The three stages of stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
The stages of sleep and relaxation
29
The fight-or-flight response is triggered by the:
Endocrine system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Skeletal system
Sympathetic nervous system
30
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people are motivated to reduce:
The presence of stereotypes
Discomfort caused by conflicting attitudes or behaviors
Anxiety caused by social interaction
The effects of groupthink
31
Which of the following is a characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?
Flashbacks to traumatic events
Persistent, excessive worry about various events or activities
Compulsive behaviors to reduce anxiety
Periods of intense fear or discomfort
32
A researcher wants to determine if sleep deprivation affects test performance. What is the independent variable?
Test performance
Amount of sleep
Test difficulty
Age of participants
33
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic level of needs that must be satisfied first is:
Esteem needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Self-actualization
34
The phenomenon in which we perceive a constant color despite changes in lighting is called:
Color blindness
Color constancy
Auditory localization
Sensory adaptation
35
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization refers to:
The realization of one's full potential and personal growth
The need for companionship and affection
The need for basic survival needs
The need for safety and security
36
Which of the following is a primary criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It lacks empirical evidence and is difficult to test
It ignores the importance of unconscious thoughts
It places too much emphasis on biology
It underestimates the role of childhood experiences.
37
Which theory of emotion posits that emotions occur simultaneously with physiological reactions?
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter-Singer theory
James-Lange theory
Lazarus theory
38
The phenomenon of "tip-of-the-tongue" occurs when:
We misattribute the source of our memories
Information is lost from long term memory
Our memories are influenced by external suggestions
We cannot retrieve a word or name despite knowing it
39
Freud's theory of personality is based on the interaction of which three components?
Conscious, subconscious, and unconscious
Thinking, feeling, and behaving
Positive, negative, and neutral emotions
Id, ego, and superego
40
The basic unit of the nervous system is the:
Dendrite
Synapse
Axon
Neuron
41
Conformity refers to the tendency to:
Comply with authority figures even when it is harmful
Changes one's behavior to match the actions or beliefs of others
Challenge the norms of society
Make decisions independently of group influence
42
According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals in the postconventional stage:
Make decisions based on moral principles and the welfare of others
Make decisions based on peer approval
Make decisions based on societal norms and laws
Make decisions to avoid punishment
43
Which of the following is a common characteristic of schizophrenia?
Chronic feelings of worry and dread
Severe mood swings
Distorted thinking and perceptions
Frequent panic attacks
44
The "foot-in-the-door" phenomenon refer to the tendency to:
Refuse small requests after declining larger ones
Agree to a large request after first agreeing to a small one
Comply with direct orders from an authority figure
Make decisions based on group consensus
45
The process of retrieving information from memory can be influenced by:
Rehearsal
All of the above
Attention
Context
46
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation and is often implicated in depression?
Glutamate
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
47
A person who takes credit for successes but blames external factors for failures is demonstrating:
The just-world phenomenon
Self-serving bias
The false consensus effect
The fundamental attribution error
48
The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions are based on:
A set of learned responses to stimuli
Physiological arousal and an innate emotional response
Cognitive interpretation and behavioral response
Physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
49
Which brain structure is responsible for regulating basic life functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Medulla
Cerebellum
50
The humanistic therapy approach is most associated with:
B. F. Skinner
Albert Ellis
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
51
Which of the following is most closely associated with the theory of multiple intelligences?
Alfred Binet
Louis Thurstone
Charles Spearman
Howard Gardner
52
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is essential for psychological growth?
A strong ego
Unconditional positive regard
Repression of negative emotions
Conformity of social norms
53
The obedience studies conducted by Stanley Milgrim demonstrated that:
People prefer to avoid social groups
People are more likely to conform in ambiguous situations
People are willing to obey authority figures even when asked to harm others
People are motivated to help others in need
54
Who is considered the father of modern psychology?
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Wilhelm Wundt
55
The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which:
People are more likely to help when they are in a large group
People become more aggressive in the presence of others
People help others because of the desire to avoid guilt
People are less likely to help in emergencies when other people are present
56
Which of the following is a potential drawback of the survey method?
It can be difficult to generalize results
It is time consuming
It relies on self-report data, which may be biased
It requires and experimental design
57
The ability to remember information from a brief exposure is known as:
Iconic memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Echoic memory
58
The "Yerkes-Dodson Law" suggests that:
Performance is best at moderate levels of arousal
There is a direct correlation between arousal and performance
There is no relationship between arousal and performance
Optimal performance occurs at low levels of arousal
59
Which of the following is a common physiological response to chronic stress?
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Reduced production of cortisol
Enhanced immune function
Improved cognitive function
60
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to:
Assume that everyone shares our opinions and attitudes
Attribute others behavior to situational factors
View our own culture as superior to others
Attribute our own behavior to external factors and others to internal
61
According to the contact hypothesis, one way to reduce prejudice is to:
Contact between groups under conditions of equal status and common goals
Focus on highlighting the differences between groups
Increase competition between different social groups
Expose individuals to more media that represents diverse groups
62
In the DSM-6, a major distinction between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is
OCPD is more likely to involve mood swings
OCD has intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, OCPD is perfectionism
OCD is not considered a disorder, while OCPD
OCD is treated with medication, whereas OCPD cannot be treated
63
The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon where:
Prolonged exposure/ media makes people less sensitive to emotional content
Repeated exposure to a stimulus makes people form negative attitudes toward
Repeated exposure to an individual leads to disliking them more
People are more likely to develop positive feelings toward stimuli exposed
64
Which of the following research methods involves observing and recording behavior in its natural environment?
Survey Method
Naturalistic Observation
Experiment
Case Study
65
A sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected is called a:
Convinence sample
Volunteer sample
Stratified sample
Random sample
66
Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing light on the retina?
Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Lens
67
A therapist who uses techniques like reinforcement, modeling, and systematic desensitization most likely practice
Psychoanalytic therapy
Humanistic therapy
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
68
In psychoanalysis, the technique of free association involves:
Engaging in group therapy sessions
Reflecting the client's feelings in conversation
Writing down emotions in a journal
Allowing a client to express thoughts without censorship
69
A child who is able to use symbols and mental images but lacks the ability to perform operations mentally demonstrates
Formal operational stage
Sensorimotor stage
Concrete operational stage
Preoperational stage
70
The concept of "deindividuation" refers to:
The loss of self-awareness and inhibition in group settings
The development of a personal identity separate from the group
The process of identifying with a group to gain social approval
The tendency for group members to work independently without coordination
71
The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information is known as
Memory
Perception
Attention
Learning
72
When people help others with the expctation of receiving something in return, it is referred to as:
Altruism
Reciprocal altruism
Social exchange theory
Empathy
73
The obedience studies conducted by Milgrim demonstrated that people are likely to:
Challenge immoral behavior if it conflicts with their calues
Follow instructions only when they agree with authority's request
Disobey authority figures when they see others refusing to obey
Obey authority figures even when it causes harm to others
74
This approach emphasizes observable behavior rather than mental processes is called
Cognitive Psychology
Behaviorism
Humanism
Structuralism
75
Group polarization refers to the tendency for group members to:
Ignore conflicting information to maintain group harmony
Express individual opinions more strongly after group discussions
Become more extreme in their opinions after group discussions
Decide on a course of action based on group majority opinion
76
The process of transforming sensory information into neural signals is known as:
Sensory coding
Sensory adaptation
Perceptual organization
Transduction
77
The difference threshold refers to:
The ability to detect a stimulus in a noisy environment
The minimum intensity of a stimulus required for detection
The brain's processing of sensory input
The smallest detectable change in a stimulus
78
Which of the following best defines psychology?
The study if human development and learning
The study of animals in their natural habitats
The study of the brain structure and function
The study of human behavior and mental processes
79
Which of the following is a common feature of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
Focus on uncovering repressed memories
Focus on increasing the client's self-esteem
Use of hypnosis to explore the unconscious
Teaching clients to change maladaptive thought patterns
80
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
The brain and the spinal cord
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The neurons and the glial cells
The hippocampus and amygdala
81
The research method that focuses on studying one individual in-depth is known as:
Case study
Longitudinal study
Correlational study
Naturalistic observation
82
A panic attack is most often characterized by:
A fear of social situations
An overwhelming sense of dread and anxiety
A fear of specific objects or situations
Episode of intense fear with physical symptoms like heart palpitations
83
Which term refers to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
Psychiatry
Psychology
Neuroscience
Sociology
84
Which of the following disorders is characterized by extreme mood swings between periods of mania and depression
Bipolar disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Major depressive disorder
85
Social identity suggests that:
People are most likely to conform when they feel isolated
People derive part if the identity from the groups they belong
Identity is entirely shaped by individual experiences not group membership
People tend to dislike groups they are not a part of
86
In the triarchic theory of intelligence which type of intelligence involves the ability to analyze and evaluate problems
Creative intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Practical intelligence
87
The concept of object permanence, developed by Jean Piaget, refers to the understanding that :
Objects continue to exist even when they are not directly seen or heard
Objects have a set lifespan before they are destroyed
Objects are only perceived when they are in the same room
Objects are permanent once they are formed
88
Which of the following is considered a primary emotion?
Guilt
Shame
Happiness
Jealousy
89
Groupthink is most likely to occur when:
Group members are highly cohesive and value consensus
Group members are encouraged to challenge each other's viewpoints
The group is diverse in opinion and background
There is a high degree of openness to new ideas
90
Coping strategies that aim to change the stressful situation itself are referred to as:
Emotion-focused coping
Cognitive reappraisal
Avoidant coping
Problem-focused coping
91
The ability to solve problems and adapt to changing environments is known as:
Intelligence
Knowledge
Wisdom
Creativity
92
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in distress when others are present is known as:
The social exchange theory
The bystander effect
Social facilitation
The halo effect
93
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic?
Working through every possible solution
Following a strict algorithm to find the answer
Using trial and error until the solution is found
A quick rule-of-thumb strategy to solve problems
94
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?
Low levels of stress
High levels of social support
Regular exercise
Chronic stress
95
Which type of memory involves recalling information without cues or prompts?
Recall
Prospective memory
Implicit memory
Recognition
96
The "Big Five" personality traits include all of the following EXCEPT:
Psychoticism
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
97
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is most commonly used to assess:
Emotional Intelligence
Verbal intelligence
Creativity
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
98
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a:
Projective test
Personality inventory
Self-report inventory
Behavioral assessment