differential association and cognitive approach

We can predict criminal behaviour using this formula :

One criticism of differential association is that it is difficult to test

Kohlbergs theory can be criticized for being

The stage where rules are obeyed to maintains social order and to please people is:

Individuals learn the values and attitudes for criminal behavior through association

Criminals are more likely to be at the preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Errors and biases in peoples's thinking are known as

Offending occurs If the number of anti-criminal attitudes outweighs the number of pro-criminal

In heinzs' dilemma which choice corresponds to the post conventional stage ?