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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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1
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recognition
relearning
recall
2
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
pressure
conflict
change
3
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
4
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
5
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
6
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
modeled
encoded
7
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
8
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
9
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
10
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
11
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
12
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
13
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
14
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
15
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
16
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
17
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
processing
attention
18
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
19
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
cocaine
marijuana
mescaline
20
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
21
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
22
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
23
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
decibels
timbre
pitch
24
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
centration
conservation
reversibility
25
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
26
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
27
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
28
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
closure
29
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
30
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
31
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
32
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
33
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
34
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
eating
memory
the endocrine system
sex
35
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
36
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
37
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
tone
salivation
38
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
pathogens
39
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
40
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
41
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
intelligence
creativity
insight
42
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
43
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
44
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
45
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
questionnaires
46
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
47
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
48
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
49
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
50
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
51
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
52
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
53
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
54
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
55
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
56
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
57
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
58
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
59
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
long-term
sensory
short-term
60
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
61
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
fluid
episodic
62
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
63
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
64
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
65
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
66
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
67
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
68
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
69
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
70
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
71
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
exposure to light
72
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
73
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
74
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
thalamus
75
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
76
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
77
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
78
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
79
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
80
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
81
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
82
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
83
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
the correlational group
84
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
85
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
86
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
iris
87
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
88
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
means
standard deviation
89
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
90
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test norms
test scores
test scales
91
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
92
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
93
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
94
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
95
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
reticular formation
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
96
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
97
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
98
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
99
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
light purity
brightness
saturation
100
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
101
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
102
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
semantic network
schema
103
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
104
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
105
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
106
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
107
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
humanistic
108
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
109
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
110
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
111
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
perception
consciousness
112
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
113
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
parental investments
investment differentiations
social scripts
114
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
115
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
116
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
fear
sadness
117
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
mood
118
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
119
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
120
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
121
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
REM
stage 1
122
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
123
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a phobia
an obsession
a compulsion
124
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
125
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
126
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
127
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
128
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
129
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
130
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
131
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
132
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
133
Which technique uses radioactive glucose to study brain functioning?
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
EEG
134
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
135
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
136
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
absolute
construct
content
137
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
138
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
139
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
140
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
141
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
142
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
print letters
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
143
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
144
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
145
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
146
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
