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Earth Science Lecture Exam 2 Review
A half-life is the amount of time required ____
Foliated textures
Earth Science Lecture Exam 2 Review
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1
Foliated textures
occur only when rocks are folded
are produced by pressure and the preferred orientation of platy minerals
occur only in faults
are created by horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks
2
A half-life is the amount of time required ____
to gain one-half of the parent isotope
for the mass of a sample to decrease by half
to lose one-half of the daughter isotopes
for one-half of the parent isotopes to decay to daughter isotopes
3
What is made by Earth’s rotation & convection in the liquid outer core?
magnetic field
dipolar magnetism
global wind currents
gravity
4
The pattern of alternating, symmetric bands on the seafloor at a spreading center are caused by changes in Earth’s
density
gravity field
composition
magnetic field
5
A key characteristic of igneous rocks is that they ____.
are the youngest rocks on Earth
are made up of minerals that crystallized from magma
are not as hard as sedimentary rock
never contain iron or magnesium
6
Lithified rounded pebbles is a _______
breccia
sandstone
conglomerate
granite
7
Quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral is called
Luster
Color
Hardness
Streak
8
The breakage or splitting of mineral crystals along one or more smooth planes determined by atomic structure is called
Hardness
Fracture
Cleavage
Luster
9
Although metamorphism is associated with all three types of plate boundaries, it is ____
rare along convergent plate margins
coincidental that this association occurs
most common along divergent plate margins
most common along convergent plate margins
10
Index, or guide, fossils are most useful because they ____
are found in all types of rock
occur over small geographic region
lived over a long period of geologic time
lived during a brief period of geologic time
11
____ occurs when Earth’s crust rises back up to its equilibrium level after the unloading of glaciers or sediments
thrust faulting
isometric rebound
orogenies
isostatic rebound
12
What factor is least likely to affect earthquake intensity?
The magnitude of the last recorded earthquake
The depth of the hypocenter
The duration of shaking
The population density
13
Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?
frost action
oxidation
prying by plant roots
near-surface fracturing
14
As S- and P-waves travel farther, ____
their intensity increases
the P-S time interval decreases
they overtake the surface waves
the P-S time interval increases
15
A continental margin ____.
does not include the continental slope
is primarily above sea level
is the transition zone from the exposed land to the ocean floor
are where submarine hydrothermal vents are found
16
An anticline ____
has all of its folded strata dipping outward from a central point
has the youngest rocks at its core
has the oldest rocks at its core
has all of its folded strata dipping inward from a central point
17
The Curie point is ____
the temperature at which iron-bearing minerals gain their magnetization
where Earth’s magnetic poles reverse
the point at which remnant magnetism is equal to gravity
where heat escapes from Earth’s crust
18
A mineral’s resistance to abrasion is called ____.
toughness
rigidity
strength
hardness
19
Sandstone, siltstone, and shale are
organic sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
detrital sedimentary rocks
chemical sedimentary rocks
20
The pattern of alternating bands on the seafloor also indicate that
oceanic crust is older as you move away from spreading centers
oceanic crust is older close to spreading centers
oceanic crust is younger near subduction zones
oceanic crust is younger as you move away from spreading centers
21
A positively charged atom of an element is called a(n) ____.
neutron
isotope
positron
ion
22
People live near composite volcanoes because
volcanic deposits are rich in nutrients beneficial for growing crops
it’s exciting
the eruptions are slow and easy to flee from
volcanic eruptions provide great building materials
23
Strain is ____
never compressional
always compressional
deformation caused by stress
also called bendability
24
A fossil is determined to be 175,000 years old. This is an example of a(n) ____ date
certain
relative
radiometric
inferential
25
What are the two types of crust?
lower crust and upper crust
oceanic and continental
inner crust and outer crust
terrestrial and aquatic
26
Uniformitarianism is the assumption that ____
younger sedimentary rocks always at the top of a rock sequence
catastrophic events do not impact Earth processes
present day geologic processes also occurred in the past
principles of one branch of science apply to other branches of science
27
Mantle plumes and hot spots help geologists ____.
predict the formation of new continents
determine the nearest divergent plate boundary
determine both direction and rate of plate movement
understand the fossil distribution found in igneous rocks
28
All minerals ____.
are crystalline, inorganic, and naturally occurring
contain at least three separate elements
are either ferromagnesian or nonferromagnesian silicates
cleave
29
Isotopes of the same element ____.
must be negatively charged
have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
often combine to form ions
drastically change the element’s chemical properties
30
Atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic mass are called
elementals
isotopes
plasma
ions
31
What is the loss of two protons and two neutrons from the nucleus called?
electron capture
beta decay
alpha decay
electron decay
32
Metamorphic rocks ____
always have sedimentary parent rock
always have igneous parent rock
are formed under conditions of high temperatures and pressures
can form on Earth’s surface under special conditions
33
The San Andreas fault is a good example of a __ plate boundary.
convergent
transform
divergent
complex
34
Magnetic reversals ____
are very well understood and can be predicted
cause seafloor spreading to reverse directions
occur when magnetic north and magnetic south poles switch positions
have no affect on iron-bearing minerals
35
Rust is an example of
hydrolysis
pressure-release fracturing
oxidation
dissolution
36
Which of the following can we NOT understand by studying sedimentary rocks?
Past changes in climate
How environments shifted in location through time
Migration of deserts and advances of the sea
The cooling speed of the rock
37
Plate boundary where subduction occurs.
divergent
convergent
complex
transform
38
The Earth was formed ___ years ago.
13 billion
1.3 million
4004
4.6 billion
39
Atoms that are the same element always have
The same atomic mass
All of the above
The same number of electrons
The same atomic number
40
Large crystals found in a fine-grained groundmass can indicate a(n) ____
intrusive slow cooling process
magma had an early extrusive phase then an intrusive phase
rock of mixed volcanic-plutonic origin
magma had an early intrusive phase then an extrusive phase
41
Contact metamorphism is
always accompanied by deformation
caused by the intrusion of hot magma into cooler rocks
where major crustal movements build mountains and deform rocks
a high grade of metamorphism
42
An igneous rock with no visible crystals ____.
is invisible
cooled quickly on Earth's surface
has a phaneritic texture
cooled slowly on Earth's surface
43
Alfred Wegener came up with the concept of
continental drift
the Ring of Fire
plate tectonics
evolution
44
The placement of events in a sequential order based upon their position in the rock record is referred to as ____ dating
absolute
radiometric
relative
inferential
45
Pyroclastic igneous rock forms from ____.
rapidly cooling plutons
viscous lava flows
explosive volcanic activity
melting of country rock
46
A plate boundary where new lithosphere is created.
transform
divergent
convergent
all of the above
47
The magnitude of an earthquake measures ____
combined amplitude of all tremors recorded
intensity
the energy released
duration of trembling
48
Earth's core is likely to be ____.
composed of rock with high silica content
molten throughout
composed of potassium and aluminum rich silicates
composed primarily of iron
49
Plutons originate through ____ activity.
igneous volcanic
intrusive igneous
extrusive igneous
extrusive volcanic
50
The two types of body waves are ____and ____ waves
primary; secondary
compressional; extensional
tensional; extensional
Raleigh; Love
51
Most earthquakes occur along the circum-Pacific belt primarily because ____
S-waves travel easily through water
P- and S-waves are stronger because the crust is denser in those areas
of the convergence along plate margins
of the divergence along plate margins
52
A sedimentary rock in which all the grains are about the same size can be characterized as ____
well-sorted
cross bedded
poorly sorted
compacted
53
The principle: the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top.
The principle of uniformitarianism
The principle of fossil succession
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
The principle of superposition
54
Normal faults are caused by ____ stress
shear
tensional
elastic
compressional
55
Ionic bonds occur when electrons ____.
become separated from their atoms
have a positive charge
are transferred between atoms
are shared by atoms
56
Other than Earth, what planet is most likely to have active volcanoes?
Mars
Saturn
Venus
Mercury
57
Rocks that are tilted were deposited ____
horizontally and then were tilted into their current orientation
vertically and then were tilted into their current orientation
on a slope in their present orientation
in an unknown orientation and then were tilted into their current position
58
A gap in the geologic rock record that represents a period of non-deposition or erosion?
nonconformity
anticonformity
unconformity
disconformity
59
Magmas with the highest percentages (> 65%) of silica are called ____.
felsic
intermediate
ultramafic
mafic
60
Which of these minerals commonly forms by evaporation of sea water?
quartz
feldspar
clay
halite
61
A lahar may form when ____
rain falls on unconsolidated pyroclastic materials
volcanic gas is erupted into the stratosphere
lava cools and cracks along joints
lava is cooled quickly underwater
62
Elements bond together to form molecules because they ____.
need to have a negative charge
need to have a positive charge
are glued together by protons
are most stable when their outer electron shell is filled
