A p-value less than 0.05 typically indicates:

The data support rejecting the null hypothesis

What is a key limitation of snowball sampling?

May lead to homogenous samples and limited generalisability

Which of the following best describes a Type I error?

Detecting an effect when none exists (false positive)

A researcher chooses purposive sampling for a qualitative study. What is the main justification for this?

To identify participants based on specific characteristics

Which of the following statements about data normality is true?

Skewed data violates assumptions of many parametric tests

Stratified sampling is best used when the researcher wants to:

Ensure representation of key subgroups

A key difference between probability and non-probability sampling is:

Probability sampling ensures each unit has a known chance of selection

Which of the following is a primary data source?

A researcher’s own structured interviews

In survey research, pilot testing a questionnaire primarily helps to:

Refine questions for clarity and reliability

Where should a postgraduate researcher look to find guidance on conducting data analysis using statistical software?

Peer-reviewed methodology texts, software guides, and online tutorials

What is the main function of inferential statistics?

To test hypotheses and make predictions about populations

What is one advantage of using secondary data in research?

Reduced time and cost associated with data collection

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PGCert Its a Wrap

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Questions 15

Answers

1
Which of the following is a descriptive statistical measure?
Standard deviation
Confidence interval
Chi-square test result
Regression coefficient
2
A p-value less than 0.05 typically indicates:
The data support rejecting the null hypothesis
Data were collected unethically
The null hypothesis is definitely true
The study lacks statistical power
3
What is a key limitation of snowball sampling?
Can only be used in quantitative research
May lead to homogenous samples and limited generalisability
Cannot be used with vulnerable populations
Requires a sampling frame
4
Which of the following best describes a Type I error?
Collecting insufficient data
Detecting an effect when none exists (false positive)
Failing to detect a real effect (false negative)
Using the wrong statistical test
5
A researcher chooses purposive sampling for a qualitative study. What is the main justification for this?
To avoid ethical review
To identify participants based on specific characteristics
To ensure statistical generalisability
To maximise cost-effectiveness
6
Which type of survey design is most suitable for exploring changes in attitudes over time?
Retrospective case-control survey
Cross-sectional survey
Longitudinal survey
Experimental survey
7
Which of the following statements about data normality is true?
Skewed data violates assumptions of many parametric tests
Normal distribution means the data have no outliers
All statistical tests assume normally distributed data
Non-parametric tests require normal distribution
8
Which of the following is a limitation of convenience sampling?
High risk of selection bias
Time-consuming data collection
Ethical issues with participant incentives
High generalisability
9
Stratified sampling is best used when the researcher wants to:
Ensure representation of key subgroups
Investigate hidden populations
Maximise random error
Reduce sample size to a minimum
10
A key difference between probability and non-probability sampling is:
Probability sampling involves interviews, non-probability does not
Only non-probability sampling allows for statistical inference
Non-probability sampling uses more complex software
Probability sampling ensures each unit has a known chance of selection
11
Which of the following is a primary data source?
An academic journal editorial
A published meta-analysis
Census data from a government website
A researcher’s own structured interviews
12
In survey research, pilot testing a questionnaire primarily helps to:
Ensure statistically significant results
Refine questions for clarity and reliability
Recruit more participants
Prove the research hypothesis
13
Where should a postgraduate researcher look to find guidance on conducting data analysis using statistical software?
University librarian’s office
Your institution’s ethics committee
Professional indemnity documents
Peer-reviewed methodology texts, software guides, and online tutorials
14
What is the main function of inferential statistics?
To test hypotheses and make predictions about populations
To summarise data using graphs
To design survey instruments
To clean raw data
15
What is one advantage of using secondary data in research?
Greater control over data collection procedures
Stronger alignment with your specific research question
Reduced time and cost associated with data collection
Higher likelihood of unique, unpublished findings

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