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AAP 116 - Towards Modernity
AAP 116 - Towards Modernity
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A quiz about the level one archeology module AAP 116 - Towards modernity, good luck fellow students!
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1
Unitarians in the late 18th century argued weather Homer's writings were ...
Tales from Greek history before 776 BC
About "a past that was never present"
Canonical events
An amalgamation of stories by different people
2
Before his 45 year study of the Kwakiotl which other society did F. Boas study?
Yupik
Inuits
Aleut
Eskimo
3
Kourbani sacrifice, traditional Greek feasts, are thought to have actually come from ...
Egypt
China
Turkey
Europe
4
Which one of these was not a feature of the Renaissance?
Removal of Anatolian burials
Recovery/destruction ancient buildings
Study of the Roman world
The material culture was based on classical
5
Marcel Mouss believed that 'Stone age Economies' were based on
Fewer wants and surplus resources
More wants and surplus resources
Kinship groups
Gift exchange
6
True of False: Use of slavery in the America's declined after the war of indpendence
False
True
7
What inscription is an example of modern day biblical archaeology?
The Rosetta Stone
The Kilamuwa Stela
The Tel Dan inscription
The Mesha Stele
8
When did the Greeks overthrow the Roman empire?
1453
146 BC
8 century BC
330 AD
9
Why were the crusades launched?
To trade material good with non-Christien kingdoms
Christian re-conquest of Jerusalem
To explore new, foreign, interesting lands
To secure pilgrimage routes and sites in the Holy Land
10
Who forcibly occupied parts of Africa in claims they were returning to a lost European empire
Lepsuis
M. Leaky
Cyrus Thomas
Cecil Rhodes
11
How many non-combatants were killed in the Spanish civil war?
235,000
195,000
175,000
136,000
12
When was Jamestown set up and when did it become a 'Crown colony'?
1606 and 1642
1610 and 1644
1617 and 1638
1602 and 1655
13
True or false: Folklore is tangible cultural heritage
True
False
14
Mycenae excavations by H. Schliemann were started in ....
1870
1876
1832
1882
15
Which of these was not a site for the excavation of Troy run by H. Schliemann?
Balli Dagh
Hissarlik
Yenisehir
Orhangazi
16
Who's personal archaeological collection became the basis of the Pitt Rivers museum in Oxford?
Collin Merroy
Henry Lane-Fox
Gyyn Daniel
Mortimer Wheeler
17
Which of these is not a continent thought to exist by medieval populations?
Asia
Antarctica
Europe
Africa
18
In the 19th century slaves were used in north and south america to work on cash crops - such as
Ginseng
Tobacco
Cotton
Tea
19
Which of these is not used in forensic archaeology?
Geophysics
Field Walking
Identification of ceramic-wares
Ariel photography
20
Why was Cook treated as if he were a god when the Hawaiian natives received him?
The time of year was during a harvest festival
Cook was able to make metel
They'd never seen humans like him before
They believed he had magical powers
21
What showed forensic archaeologists the individuals at Bezdan had been shot whilst alive
Compression fractures
Radiating fractures
Oblique fractures
Compound fractures
22
Which of these is not a 'Zone' of the earth believed to exist by medieval populations?
Temperate
Cold
Hazardous
Equatorial
23
Samuel Morton believed what about native Americans?
They were a homogeneous' type of human
They were historically static
They were 'Living Fossils'
They were more culturally advanced than Europeans
24
Golden stated there were three types of chiefdom, what were these?
Open, Front facing, Strategical
Open, Traditional, Stratified
Open, Complex, Stratified
Organised, Traditional, Stratified
25
Which one of these did not come from 'The New World'?
Tobacco
Tea
Potatoes
Tomato
26
Due to protests in the 70s, a Cretan folk song is now associated with which political leaning?
Right wing
Left wing
Fascism
Pacifism
27
What evidence helps to confirm the sun's year and a half dip in brightness?
A impact creator found east of Australia
Confirmed by writings from Leonardo Da Vinci
Dentrochronology from pine trees in Mongolia and N. America
Sulpher levels in ice sheets
28
What were medieval world views based on?
Scienetific experimentation and empirical evidence
The Bible and Classical Texts
The Bible and scientific experimentation
Ancient Asian creation myths and other classical texts
29
True or false: in tribes status is hereditary
False - it is earned
True
30
When was the British folklore society set up?
1882
1869
1878
1856
31
Who pointed out that things such as unicorn horns didn't actually come from mythical creatures?
Olaus Rubeck
Thomas Brown
C.J Thomas
Ole Worm
32
Who began stratigraphy (the level at which artifacts are found relates to their ages)?
Robert Plot
Julius Caesar
Olaus Rubeck
C.J Thomas
33
What did the new tropical diseases in these warmer climates impair in Europeans?
Fertility
Breathing
Infant mortality
Motor capabilities
34
Who published 'Commentaria' - A record of archaeological discoveries for the east Mediterranian
Jacob Spon
Cyriac of Ancona
Michelangelo
William Hamilton
35
The Nunamiut are an example of Binford's ...
Collectors
Parallel and cross cousins
Foragers
Fisher-hunter-gatherers
36
C.J Thomsens and other scholars of the 1850s realized the earth was older than 4004 BC
False - they still believed in a short chronology
True
True - the age of enlightenment had initiated this
False - believed the earth's chronology was even shorter
37
What percentage of individuals are thought to have died from gunshot trauma to the cranium?
48%
54%
86%
72%
38
Which of these items did not appear in early Chambers of wonders?
Objects of natural history
Religious relics
Jewels
Antiquities
39
What was the most prized first used for subsistence by the tribes of the American North West?
Tuna
Narwhal
Salmon
Trout
40
What is biblical archaeology?
material remains of past cultures used to prove the Bible
Archeological expedition by Saulcy
European powers wanted to dismantle the Ottoman Empire
Crusades were justified as the holy land belonged to Europe
41
In the 1980s protest of 'Save The Rose' were conducted to save what archaeological site
Charles I's Rose garden
Medieval Rose Castle
Shakespeare Rose Theater
The Rose Tower
42
BAND _______ CHIEFDOM THE STATE - Which is missing from this model of social evolution?
Clan
Dynasty
Tribe
House
43
Europeans claimed they could invade Australia as the aborigines also had a short chronology
They have actually been there for 40,000 years
They had occupied Australia since the middle ages
They hadn't been there very long after all
Been there for at least 1 million years
44
What is missing from this timeline?
The 7 years war
The American war of independence
The Crusades
The Enlightenment
45
Who discovered the pacific in 13 AD
Christopher Columbus
James Cook
Marco Polo
Cheng-Ho
46
Which of these is not a feature of new archaeology?
Material culture does not map directly onto ideology
Believing small changes result in large material difference
Tendency to view cultures as unchanging
Lab techniques
47
What is Kossinnas' law'?
Archaeology that emphasizes defining cultural groupings
archaeological theory to explain the spread languages
Archaeological materials correspond with groups of people
48
Who stated in 1979 that developers should be the ones paying or excavations
Pitt-Rivers
Wheeler
COLLIN
Schofield
49
Who was the first Oxford anthropologist?
Clifford Geertz
E. B Tylor
Franz Boas
E. E. Evans-Pritchard
50
How often are the highland tribe's pig feasts?
Once every 7 years
Once every 5 years
Once per decade
Once every 3 years
51
When was the British Palestine Association set up?
1837-38
1804
1864-65
1798-99
52
Societies are inclined to focus on opposites and fear intermediary forces - what is this called
Food Taboos
Binary Classification
Cosmology
Structuralism
53
When did the medieval Christien populations of Europe believe the earth was created?
3700 BC
5199 BC
4004 BC
Any of these depending on who you'd have asked
54
If you are living far North of the equator in a hunter-gatherer band, what is more likely?
You fish more
Your forage more
You share more
You hunt more
55
Discovery of material culture in New York shows people were trying to improve their living by..
Decorative ceramics from England
Household metallurgy
Early evidence of fake IDs for purchase of explicit goods
Large wood-burning central heating systems
56
In 1997 forensic archaeologists discovered a mass grave of 70 executed individuals - where?
Jama Bezdan, Bosnia
The cave of Srednja Rock, Bosnia
Zavala, RavnoVillage, Bosnia
The Predolac pit, Bosnia
57
When was Jame's cooks last voyage launched?
1779
1776
1769
1767
58
What was the type of ceramic commonly owned by slaves in North America?
Dipped ware
Ironstone ware
Colonoware
Jasperware
59
'Originally ‘like us’, but became lost and ‘fell’ into ‘savagery’ - What is this called?
Chronological snobbery
Renewalism
Degenerationism
Conservatism
60
What denotes an open Chiefdom on Goldman's terms?
Religion based and mainly stable
Differences in peoples status effect everyday lives
Stability through military power
A fluid Chiefdom where chiefs are seasonally replaced
61
When was Constantinople?
500 AD
The year 1204
The year 1300
330 AD
62
Chiefdom's often practice...
Inwards Marriage
Market economy
Human sacrifice
long extended periods of peace
63
What archaeological evidence exists of the slave trade in Africa?
Numerous 15 - 18th century documents kept of sales
European forts on the west African coast
Copper armbands traded to African slave traders
Depictions on old south american currency
64
Who stated that a societies ability to produce surplus often leads to hierarchical positions
Childe
Renfrew
Sahlins
Goldman
65
The treasure from Nimrud went back to ....
The British Museum
Museum-Mittelmosel
The Louvre Hollow
Smithsonian Institution
66
Who published 'Tribes of the United States' in years 1851-57, commissioned by the US government
Claude Levi-Strauss
Franz Boas
Frank Cushing
Henry Schoolcraft
67
In what year is it widely reported that the sun dimmed for a year and a half?
865
696
646
848
68
What dismantled the 'Shell' economy for the Highland tribes?
They began to use coins instead
Gold prospectors importing millions of shells
It went out of fashion
Invaders destroyed all the shells
69
What came before 'Cabinets of curiosities' in the 1400-1500s?
Chambers of amazement
Chambers of secrets
Chambers of awe
Chambers of wonders
70
What is this picture depicting?
A Roman coin from 753 BC
Ostrogothic Theodoric on medallion from 493-526 BC
A Celtic symbol of peace between them and the Roman empire
A modern-day reconstruction of an ancient Roman emperor
71
Fission and Fusion of bands can be based on relations and ...
Access to food resource
Hunting capabilities
Family bloodlines
Age groups
72
When did Christians start to enslave Muslims on the grounds that they are religiously different
15th - 18th centuries
15th-16th centuries
14th - 17th centuries
13th - 16th centuries
73
Not everyone knows the extent of everyone elses relations as to ...
Stop conflict
Have an excuse to visit other bands
Maintain long term networks
Having someone else to rely on in bad years
74
Who enabled the ‘Age of Reason’?
Pope Leo X
Isacc Newton
Martin Luther
Francis Bacon
75
Who was seen as the farther of scientific racism?
W. H. Holmes
John Lubbock
Cecil Rhodes
Joseph Arthur
76
When was the ‘purification’ of Delos'?
mid-2nd c. AD
5th Century BC
44 BC
23-79 AD
77
Who deciphered texts from Old Palestine in the 1820s?
Alfred Spencer Heathcote
Fritz von Below
Arthur Currie
Henry Rawlinson
78
In the archaeological record how can we see the European domestic package appearing in America?
Genetic evidence
Written accounts from the time
indigenous European pollens
European style tools found on agricultural land
79
What determines rank on a chiefdom?
How hard you work
It depend on birth rites
It depends on your age
How much you get paid
80
Where is the Nuer tribe located?
Papa New Guinea
North Africa
New Zeland
South Sudan
81
Which of these pottery styles was influenced by Greek fineware ceramics?
Earthenware ceramics
Wedgewood ceramics
Terracotta ceramics
Stoneware ceramics
82
When do H. Schliemann's shaft graves of 'Homers Heroes' actually date to?
Before the Trojan War
1,600 - 1,450 BC
2,800 - 1,200 BC
Way after the Trojan war was supposed to have happened
83
What is Orientalism?
Practice of extending power by territorial acquisition
Consumption of goods and services
the practice of acquiring full control over another country
Distorts differences between Arabic cultures and European
84
True or False: Women in the Kalahari San hunt large game
False - they forage and hunt small game
False - women track game for men to hunt
True - the men hunt smaller game
True - hunting and foraging is based on age not gender
85
Houses from the 17th century excavated in Jamestown, what feature showed they were European?
They had two entrances
They had lavish gardens
They were Row Houses
They had chimneys
86
363 individuals were recovered from 18 different grave sites, which one of these was not a site
Cemeteries for illegal killings
Outskirts of large cities
Cemeteries for judicial killings
Rural areas in the countryside
87
Which tribe did Frank Cushing study for 4 years starting in 1879?
The Zuni
The Matto Grosso
The Kwakiotl
The Pueblo
88
Stonehenge festivals were stopped what was the conflict between festivalgoers and police called
Battle of Orgreave
Battle of Wandiwash
The Battle of Beanfield
Battle of Buxar
89
The Jesus Box inscription was found to be a forgery however the box dates to 60 AD
True
False - the box itself is also a forgery
False
90
Boas established the first anthropological degree program in Colombia - at what level of study?
B-TEC
Masters degree
Undergraduate
PhD
91
When anchoring off the coast of the Hawaiian islands what bay did Cook choose?
Honaunau Bay
Kealakekua Bay
Kua bay
Kahaluu Bay
92
Which of these is a legendary example of search for relics to prove biblical events took place
Dalmatius in 320 AD
Constantine the Great 272 AD
Agnes of Rome 304 AD
St Helena in the 4th century
93
What percentage of European tropes in West Africa died?
50%
62%
45%
80%
94
Where was Jamestown located?
New York
North Dakota
Washington
Virginia
95
Stone cities of Zimbabwe were visted by Carl Maurch in what year
1880
1882
1871
1876
96
1453 Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople, when did the Greeks gain independence from this?
1832
1872
1884
1821
97
In the dry season where are cattle kept by the Nuer peoples?
Close to villages
Away from villages
Inside farms yards
Near water sources
98
The stone cities were actually of Bantu origin, an highly developed trading society from ...
The middle ages
The neolithic
The mesolithic
Biblical times
99
What part of South Africa has been excavated after being bulldozed during the apartheid?
Clifton, Cape Town
District Six, Cape Town
Boulders Beach, Boulders
Bo-Kaap, Cape Town
100
What did L.H Morgan believe about the native Americans?
They are what Europeans will devolve into
They would always be savages
They were worth studying ethnographically
They had the potential to develop
101
"They may appear to be the most wretched people but they are far more happy than Europeans" - _
A quote from James cook
A quote from John Locke
A quote from Christopher Columbus
A quote from Thomas Hobbes
102
Boas rejected social evolution because he thought it was orthogenetic - what does this mean?
notion that species can revert to more primitive forms
to evolve in a definite direction towards some goa
mimics the process of natural selection
103
Which of these early was not a medieval traveller?
Marco Polo
Donatello
Ibn Battutah
Cheng-Ho
104
What was the name of Boas anthropological theory that stated all cultures evolve equally
Situational ethics
Ethnocentrism
Moral relativism
Cultural relativism
105
How many of the individuals from Bezdan were identified successfully through personal objects
Only 5/70
53/70
45/70
65/70
106
Which one of these was not a 1800s European archaeo/anthropological view?
All of these are true - yes Europeans were that awful
Dark side of Darwin: less civil people were less intelligent
Lubbock: modern tribal groups seen as children
Huxley: compared aboriginal skulls with neanderthals
107
What cabinet of curiosities became the basis of The Danish Museum?
Tradescant's Ark
Edward Lhuyd
Charles the first's
John Aubrey's
108
societies developing in a series of stages usually from the primitive to the more advanced -
Progression
Multi-linear social evolution
Cultural evolution
Uni-linear social evolution
109
Who was the First Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1683-1691?
John Leland
John Rolfe
Robert Plot
John Aubrey
110
Clay pipes belonging to Irish immigrants more often had depictions of ...
Irish symbolism and figures
British symbolism such as the royal family
Christian and religious symbolism
American symbolism such as carvings of eagles
111
What was Marco Polo's main goal when travelling the world?
To go on a nice little holiday
To show the world was not flat
To spread the teachings of Christianity
To experience and write about other cultures and religions
112
Populations who have no immunity to these diseases are decimated as they are imported
Ecological imperialism
This is a Virgin soil Epidemic
Cocoliztli epidemics
Millenarianism in colonial societies
113
Which of these were not found in the excavation of inside the Jamestown fort?
Signs of small scale agriculture of local crops
Scrap copper for trading
Unused arrowheads
Glass beads
114
Radiating fractures are the result of ..
Geriatric trauma
Blunt force trauma
Stab wounds
Pediatric trauma
115
What is Social evolution?
The belief that civilized societies are morally superior
The same thing as cultural evolution
Movement from simple social organisation to Complex
Change of the information and teaching/beliefs over time
116
Nuer fight against each other internally to resolve conflict, these have no rules
True - they can fight to the death
False - rules are not in place when fighting other tribes
117
Before the 'Bigman System' in Highland tribes, status was thought to be
Non-existent
Proven to the chief
Gained from winning 'tribal wars'
Inherited
118
What did Winckelmann state about Artistic styles in the classical world?
They were made by ancient travellers not citizens of Greece
They evolved over time
They were affected by the climate in ancient Greece
They were made by the elite
119
Who's graves did Botta believe he had found in his excavation of 'The Tombs of The Kings'?
Herodian and Zedekiah’s wife
Bathsheba and the prophet Nathan
David and Solomon
Adonijah and Solomon
120
What does this image depict?
The crest of a famous medieval houshold
New World of the 15th-16th centuries
A medieval symbol of unity
A 'TO' map - first compiled in early 7th c. AD
121
What did early relic hunters put their discoveries into?
‘Cabinets of Curiosities’
‘Cabinets of eccentricities'
‘Cabinets of peculiarities'
‘Cabinets of oddities'
122
Fragments of European ceramics found in slave quarters are recently thought to show ...
They were hand-me-downs from the big house
Slaves had choice about what the consumed
Got there through sedimentary shifts
Slave quarters later used as garbage dumps from 'Big House'
123
Who was the first Christian crusade launched by?
Pope Severinus
Pope Urban II
Pope Benedict II
Pope Urban I
124
Which of these is not a feature of Chiefdom?
Ranked/stratified societies
A leading chief
Sharing of food
Kinship-based
125
The European survival package was ...
Small scale and high labour
Large scale and high labour
Large scale and low labour
Small scale and low labour
126
When did the Ashmolean museum become the first British public museum?
1723
1683
1644
1753
127
Which of these is not a characteristic of tribes?
Large - normally 1000 + people
Tied to place
Reciprocity
Segmented society
128
What was established in 2012 that means developers have to pay for archaeological excavations
Policy of Urban Archeaology
Planning Policy Statement 5
The National Planning Policy Framework
The Schofield Act
129
What did W H Holmes divide native american cultural groups with?
Their ceramics
Their religious beliefs
Their skin use of warpaint
The way the build mounds
130
True or False: Individuals recovered from rural areas thought to have been shot from the front
True - there are clear entry and exit wounds
False - individuals in cemeteries were facing firing squads
131
When was the Syrian Improvement Fund set up and by who?
1864-65 - Wilson
1864-65 - Burckhardt
1856-57 - The archbishop of York
1866-67 - Robinson
132
Where in New York were excavations of Baxter Street Brothel carried out?
Hudson Heights, Manhattan
Carnegie Hill
Madison Square Park
The Five points
133
When was the Bureau of American ethnography established?
1898
1879
1888
1876
134
In what year was the British archaeological trust set up?
1971
1973
1975
1979
135
Who said “Their lives are short, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
Marx
Hobbes
Locke
Morgan
136
What is possible evidence of Chiefdom like that of the Polynesian islands in neolithic Britain
Close kin-ship groups
Unequal burials that don't depend on age or gender
Redistributive economies
Inscriptions could be interpreted as describing this
137
Slash and burn horticulture is practiced by the
Yanomamo Tribe
Mouri tribes in New Zeland
The highland tribes of Papa New Guinea
The Dinka people
138
Why is the study of mass graves important?
To use as heritage sites
To identify periods of plague or epidemic disease
To identify war crimes and their victims
To prove historic events taking place
139
What type of economic model is depicted here?
One of redistribution
One of Market exchange
One of reciprocity
140
What did medieval populations believe shark teeth came from before research by Nicolaus Steno
The Moon
Aliens
The ancient Greek gods
Thunderstones
141
What were land owning chiefs referred to as?
Ali'i - 'ai - moku
Kalaimoku
Kahuna nui
Ali'i - 'ai - ahupua'a
142
Who refined the theory of structural anthropology?
Marcel Mauss
Bronisław Malinowski
Roland Barthes
Claude Levi-Strauss
143
What is forensic archaeology?
application of dental knowledge to those criminal cases
anatomical science in a legal setting
Study of animal bones from archaeological sites
Archaeological techniques used in crime scene recording
144
What made the reconstruction of bodies difficult in the Jema Bazdan case study?
Bodies had been cut up before being thrown 80m into the cave
They bodied had degraded beyond all recognition
Rubbish pile in the cave meant bodies became separated
The bodies were tightly tied together
145
Cook was killed by one of the Hawaiian natives in a battle after trying to capture their chief
True
False
146
Chiefs are thought to have divine powers, what is this power called?
Makque
Mana
Ho'okupu
Tupuna
147
What was the Tordesillas line?
Spain & Portugal divided new lands outside Europe
The Spanish–Portuguese treaty of 1750
A peace treaty between the Spanish Crown and Portugal
European history in which overseas exploration emerged
148
Which 'Historic' house was a broken pearl-ware bowl containing pins found under floorboards?
The Charles Carroll House
Thomas Jefferson's plantation house
They found more than one in several southern plantations
The Lewis Carroll House
149
Shift of focus onto North American archaeology of slave quarters was carried out in 1960s by
John Hawkes
Charles Carroll
Charles Fairbanks
Leonard Copper
150
In the 19th Century how many European immigrants moved to 'The New World'?
30 Million
38 Million
44 Million
42 Million
151
True or false: children are likely to end up in the same band as their parents
True - blood relations are viewed as sacred
False - Children in different bands as to maintain relations
152
Who did the Powhatan princess Pocahontas marry?
William Kelso
John Rolfe
John Smith
Martin Hall
153
Europeans took over other countries though military rather than biological conquest
False
True
154
When was the 30 years war?
1618-48
1678-1708
1608-38
1658-98
155
Community archaeology in New Lodge estate reduced crime by 61% and antisocial behavior by ...
87%
It didn't
91%
55%
156
Why did Europeans feel they had claims to land in America?
They had a god given right
They worked the land
The native Americans gave them the land
They were more powerful than the native Americans
157
What did slaves add to their dwellings to resist owners power over them?
Chimneys
Enclosed back gardens
Backdoors
Large glass windows
158
Who believed modern Greeks were descended from slaves?
Constantine Paparrigopoulos
Timothy Kourbani
Cecil Sharp
Jacob Fallmerger
159
What does endemic warfare mean?
War occurring between societies without recorded history.
A ritual war fought intermittently
State of continual or frequent warfare
A violent struggle among state and non-state actors
160
What is nationalism?
Desire to maintain a strong military capability
Sense of attachment to a homeland
A form of extreme patriotism
Identification with one's own nation
161
Who was granted guardianship of the god of war in 1782?
Kalaniʻōpuʻu - he later overthrew his cousin as Chief
Kaumualii - he later overthrew his cousin as Chief
Kamāmalu - he later overthrew his cousin as Chief
Kamehameha - he later overthrew his cousin as Chief
162
When C.J Thomas proposed the 'Three Age System' what was his occupation?
A travelling merchant of elite descent
A Proto-archaeologist
The curator of The Danish Museum
The curator of The British Museum
163
In the 17th to 19th centuries how many slaves were traded to South America?
5.5 million
3.7 million
300 thousand
700 thousand
164
Which of these is not a feature of a 'Band'?
Kinship based
Clear leader
Mobile
Non-storing
165
Why did European's have so many diseases?
They are genetically more disease ridden
The diseases were there but just spread through Europeans
They engineered it on purpose to decimate indigenous people
They had close contact with livestock and low hygiene
166
After the WW2 bombings in London what Roman Temple was uncovered?
Templeborough
The temple of Mithras
Maiden's Temple
Temple of Jordan Hill
167
What is interesting about the Temple of Clitumnus, Spoleto?
It is a Roman temple built for the Celts
It is the smallest early medieval church
Romanesque-style church located in the centre of Spoleto
Was thought to be built by Romans but actually Ostrogothic
168
When was the Jamestown fort excavated by William Kelso?
1998
1993
1990
1994
169
What was forbidden during Ho'okupu?
Farming
Intercourse
Warfare
Eating
170
Which of these is not a feature of Public Archaeology?
Tours and demonstrations
Excavations led by members of the community
Open Days
Volunteer work
171
Who did the Europeans claim built the African stone cities?
Jesus' disciples
An Northern Arabian Race
The Bantu
European crusaders
172
Who stated in 1797 that 'Handaxes' were from 'a remote period even beyond that of our own world
E. B Tylor
Charles Lyell
John Frere
173
What gift exchange did Malinowski observe to be primarily for building of social relation's
Moka exchange
Kula
Potlatch
Market economy
174
Who believe folklore can help us understand the archaeological past?
Gorden Childe
Gorden Clarke
Jacob Fallmerager
Henry Schliemann
