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Clinical Research Exam 2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Clinical Research Exam 2
Clinical Research Exam 2
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1
What letter represents test threshold? What represents treatment threshold?
C;D
B;e
A; E
B; D
2
what is a study that is done at one point in time?
longitudinal
cross-sectional
prospective
retrospective
3
The Effect size is the
difference betwen sample means
no clue
the size of a sample
amount of people in the study
4
What is a workup bias or verification bias?
everyone gets test
verify that the tests work
not everyone gets both tests
the process of taking the results for each patient
5
based on the image, what is the lower bound confidence interval?
42.67
37.33
47.5%
40
6
Post-test probability is probability pt. has diagnosis before you do anything
False
True
7
What does this diagram represent?
specificity
sensitivity
8
A crossover design is most vulnerable to which threat to interval validity?
order effect
history
instrumentation
maturation
9
What is the best for summarizing skewed data?
mean
range
mode
median
10
Which is not a pillar of power
alpha
population size
variance
effect size
11
what is the BEST way to increase power?
sample size
variance
effect size
alpha
12
A histogram with a right tail is called:
positively skewed
normally distributed
mesokurtic
negatively skewed
13
A quasi experiment is what kind of design?
descriptive
observational
exploratory
experiemental
14
Which of the following is most characteristic of a repeated measures design?
subjects serve as their own control
each subject receives only one level of the IV
there is always a control group
randomization is not required
15
What is not a type of descriptive research?
normative studies of ROM or grip strength
exploratory research
natural history of different conditions
qualitive research
16
if you have a decrease in alpha it will increase power
True
False
17
which pictures shows low variability?
middle
bottom
top
18
Which type of study does work well for rare diseases?
observation studies
case-control
single-subject designs
cohort studies
19
How many standard deviation from the mean is the 95% confidence interval
1 SD
2 SD
3 SD
4 SD
20
Which of the following is false regarding mixed designs?
most common for RCTs
at least 1 IV is within subjects
at least 1 IV is between subjects
time is not a common repeated factor
21
Which of the following does not increase precision?
larger sample size
lower selected level of confidence (90% vs 95%)
larger confidence interval
less variance
22
Which best describes a case-control study?
compares two treatmetns longitudinally
randomly assigns groups to conditions
starts with subjects who have or do not have a condition
follows healthy individuals over time
23
a LR- of 0.3 represents what?
moderate shift
small: rarely important
small: sometimes important
large & often conclusive shift
24
What makes a quasi-experimental design different from a true experimental design?
it does not involve hypothesis testing
it lacks randomization
it is always retrospective
it never included an intervention
25
What is this design called and what is the issue with it?
cross over design; time is an IV
single factor repeated; change occurs too much
Single factor repeated; prolonged effect may be still exerting
cross over design; prolonged effect may be still exerting
26
based on the P-values, which one would you fail to reject?
middle
top
bottom
27
What is an alternative hypothesis (Ha)?
it is an alternate to the null hypothesis
have no clue
it is the same thing as the null hypothesis
It is another hypothesis not related to the study
28
based on the image, what is the mean?
47.5%
40
42.67
37.33
29
alpha is related to which error and what is it normally set to?
type II; 0.8
type I; 0.8
type I; 0.05
type II; 0.05
30
If we follow DPT students for the next year and wanted to see number of crashouts per class, what kind of study?
correlation and predictive studies
case-control
cohort study
observational study
31
Which is not an example of reliability in exploratory or observational designs?
test-retest
criterion validity
intra/inter rater
internal consistency
32
Based on the values of the Mean difference, which one is not signficant?
top
middle
bottom
33
What is not a criteria to provide cause and effect of an observation study?
strength of association
dose-response relationship
time sequencing
case study
34
if P-value is < alpha, then we
REJECT THAT HO!!
ho before bros
you dumb girl if you don't reject that ho
Fail to REJECT THAT HO
35
which of the following is not true about single-subject designs?
is a very rigorous planning with control phases
DV=patient response
is a descriptive type of design
IV= treatment
36
What does a type I error state?
there is a difference and we say there is no difference
there is no difference but we say there is a difference
there is no difference and we say there is no difference
there is a difference and we say there is a difference
37
The P-value is the probability of type II error, if null hypothesis is true
False
True
38
based on the image, we can be 95% that the height of males is between
66-72 inches
66-75 inches
63-75 inches
63-72 inches
39
"Does running >20 mi/wk cause knee OA?" is an example of what kind of study?
cohort study
case-control
correlation and predictive study
observational study
40
What is the minimum number of points for each phase in a single subject-design?
2-3
6+
4-5
3-4
41
What is the correct sequence of a diagnostic study?
series of pt. -> compare-> index-> gold standard
index -> gold standard -series of pt. -> compare
series of pt. -> index -> gold standard -> compare
series of pt.-> gold standard -> index -> compare
42
Which statement best describes Type I error?
failing to reject the null when it's true
rejecting the null when it's actually true
rejecting the null when it's false
accepting the null when's false
43
Which of the following would increase post-test probability the most?
a lest with LR+ = 10
A test with LR+ = 0.5
a test with LR- = 0.9
a test with 60% sensitivity
44
Which of the following would NOT be considered an exploratory or observational design?
case-control study
cohort study
Quasi-study
cross-sectional study
45
which of the following is not a threat to interval validity to this type of study
regression to the mean
instrumentation bias
order effects
inability to compare baseline characteristics
46
If the 95% CI of "mean difference" includes zero then it is
not significant
significant
47
A false negative is what type of error?
type I
type II
type III
type IV
48
Coefficient of variation is most useful when comparing:
means between groups
measurements on the same scale
distributions with different units
standardized differences
49
A box-and-whisker plot shows:
mean, SD, variance
cofidence interval
median, IQR, range
frequency distribution
50
A diagnostic test with 95% specificity is best used for:
ruling out a condition
screening
confirming pre-test probability
ruling in a conditon
51
A test has 100% sensitivity but 40% specificity. What does this imply?
it is likely to miss cases
it is poor for screening
it can definitively cofirm a diagnosis
it is excellent for rulign out
