A.P Biology Unit 5: Genetics, modules 26-30

When a purebred parent possess two identical alleles for a given trait

Sex Chromosome of a male mammal

A cross between individuals that are hybrid for a single gene

The heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype that is a mix of the homozygous dominant & homozygous recessive genotype

Chromosomes inherited from the mother

if the chi-square value is greater than the critical value...

Recombination

The alleles of a given locus segregate into separate gametes

There is not a fitness trade off between which phenotype preforms better in two different envvironments

The phenotype is expressed by all individuals who carry the allele but the degree of expression differs in individuals

if the chi-square value is less than the critical value...

Female

Linked Genes

have xxy chromosomes

There is a specific orientation for each chromosome that came from a parent cell

The second stage of meiosis

How many genes are on the x-chromosome compared to the y-chromosome

When genes are located on only one of the two sex chromosomes

Crossing over doesn't cause a new combination of genes

Unlinked Genes

Chromosomes that determine whether an individual is male or female

When two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm ( fraternal/non identical twins

Condensed pairs of chromosomes displayed visually

The set of genes that an organism carries

Individuals that are affected by a rare recessive trait are often the result of inbreeding

Transfer from father to offspring

The chromosomes inherited from the father

Linked genes are NOT inherited as a unit

Occurs when an offspring inherits its DNA from a two parent

Individuals that are hybrids for two traits that are coded by two different genes that are then crossed

male

Epistasis

What did Mendel's experiments focus on

A situation caused by multiple genes that interact to determine a phenotype ( environments can play a role)

When did Gregor Mendel start experimenting with pea plants that would lead to his discovery of Mendelian genetics

A visual map of phenotypes that uses ancestral relationships

Occurs when an offspring inherits its DNA from a single parent

Cell division that causes a diploid parental cell to divide in two stages to produce 4 haploid daughter cells

When individuals have a genotype that codes for a specific trait but fail to exhibit that phenotype

A common belief that traits found in offspring represented an average of the phenotypes found in two parents

a when each chromosome is at the chiasma and then the chromatids break and connect to the other non-sister chromatids

Every organism inherits genes from its ancestors

the limiting value for determining if a chi-square calculation can be accepted as as statistically similar

Possess one set of chromosomes

Sex Chromosome of a female mammal

The probability of two independent events both happening

A genetically determined characteristic of an organism

Structures that contain DNA

if the chi-square value is less than the critical value...

The first cell division which begins with already duplicated chromosomes. The first stage of meiosis

Many genes, usually on multiple chromosomes, that together produce the final trait

Non Recombinant chromosomes experience recombination

When a trait is dominant, it appears in every generation but not necessarily every individual

who was the punnett square named after

A pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and carry the same genes

A mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction

Father of Genetics

What is the Chi-Square equation

Reproduction

Just have an x chromosome

Crossing over happens at the same place on the sister chromatids, so there is usually no insertion or deletion of genes

Sexual reproduction is more costly than asexual reproduction but provides more genetic variation in offspring

When both alleles are expressed in a heterozygote instead of one of the other

Degree of freedom equation

When one fertilized egg divided into two genetically identical embryos ( identical twins)

In plants and animals, from whom do you inherit your mitochondria from

The ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments

Cross ( in terms of genetics)

The alleles of one gene sort independently from the alleles of a different gene

Recombination

What is the most common type of reproduction among plants and animals

RF problem answers for previous slide with flies

Genes A, B, H, G are located on the same chromosomes with the following recombination frequencies.

When there is a gene existing in more than one allelic form (ex. Human blood type)

Most diseases are determined by a large number of genes within context to specific environmental exposures

The process of pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase I stage of meiosis

Possess two sets of chromosomes

The set of traits that an organism expresses

The range of different genotypes found among individuals

Zygote

What is the basis for sexual reproduction

Transfer from mother to offspring

Physical locations on a chromosome that code for proteins and influence particular traits

3 very small cells produced by the female during meiosis that usually disintegrate

Environmental sex determination

All other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

What gene on the y chromosome triggers male development

Variation in expressivity is often due to environmental factors

The probability of two mutually exclusive events both happening

In animals, species that reproduce asexually are typically all male

In human cells that are not involved in reproduction, how many chromosomes do they have

Synapsis is an Important step in meiosis I because it allows the homologous chromosomes to exchange genetic material

if the chi-square value is greater than the critical value...

A way to graphically show the allele combinations

Recessive trait cannot skip one or more generations

Transfer from both parents to offspring

When an offspring receives a dominant allele from one parent and a recessive allele from another parent

The failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division

Genes linked to one another by being physically located near each other in the same chromosome

Recombination frequency Formula

A single large cell produced by the female during meiosis

Allele

Is most plant and animal species

During synapsis, nonsister chromatids from the maternal and paternal homologs overlap each other in a cross like pattern

Probability

Chromatids that are not connected by a Centromere but are a part of a homologous pair