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OCR Gateway - Biology GCSE 2017 - B3 Flashcards | StudBud
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OCR Gateway - Biology GCSE 2017 - B3
OCR Gateway - Biology GCSE 2017 - B3
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GCSE Biology Higher/Separates B3 #Science
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106 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
What does the deoxygenated blood go through after the right atrium?
Bicuspid valve,left ventricle,semilunar valve,aorta
Tricuspidvalve,rightventricle,semilunarvalve,pulmonaryartery
Eventually to the lungs
Eventually to the body
2
What are the moral and ethical issues in genetic engineering?
Beleive it is wrong to alter animals for our benefit
Believe rich people mayuse itto decide kids characterisitics
3
What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?
38°C
36°C
37°C
39°C
4
What was the name of the scientists who discovered DNA?
Francis Crick and James Watson
James Crick and Francis Watson
5
What is the 2nd stage in mitosis?
DNA coils into double-armed chromsomes-they are exact copies
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
Chromosmes line up at the centre of the cell
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
6
THINK FAST!!! When does rapid growth usually happen in a humans lifetime
Adulthood/Maturity
Childhood
Infancy - First 2 years of your life
Adolescence
7
What is the 6th stage in mitosis?
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
Membranes form around both of the chromosmes
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
The cytoplasm divides=2 new cells(are genetically identical)
8
What are the properties of capillaries?
Really tiny+carry deblood closetocellsto exchange substances
Supply food and oxygen
Walls are usually one cell thick-increases rate of diffusion
Permeable walls - Substances can diffuse out + in
9
What is the second step in animal cloning?
Different nucleus is added to the empty egg cell
Nucleus is removed from an egg cell
The cell is given an electric shock so it divides by mitosis
The cell is implanted into the uterus of a third animal
10
What is the main risk of genetic engineering?
The inserted gne might have harmful effects
Can produce organisms with new/useful features quickly
11
What is produced in anaerobic respiration (glucose = ? + energy)?
nitric acid
lacti acid
12
What is the fourth stage in meiosis?
Each chromosome splits in 1/2+1 arm ends up in another cell
You now have 4 new cells,all gentically different
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
13
What is the 4th stage in mitosis?
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
The cytoplasm divides=2 new cells(are genetically identical)
Membranes form around both of the chromosmes
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
14
Why are mutations harmful?
In reproductive cells-offspring might develop adnormally/die
Helps you join the X-men
In body cells - Can multiply in an uncontrolled way - cancer
Can produce wrong/no proteins
15
What is an disadvantage of weighing the plant/animal for their wet mass?
Wet mass is very changeable
Easy to measure
16
What are the properties of veins?
Valves to help keep blood flowing in the right direction
Permeable walls - Substances can diffuse out + in
Have a big lumen-helps blood flow
Walls are usually one cell thick-increases rate of diffusion
17
What is it called when you extract stem cells from embryos to treat medical conditions?
Stem cell therapy
Stem cell research
18
THINK FAST!!!!! What does every enzyme have?
Active site
Inactive site
19
THINK FAST!!! Which part of the baby grows at a greater rate than other parts?
The brain
The train
20
What does ATP do in the human body?
I've given you a lot of fast questions.So here is a freebee
Energy source for many cell processes
Transports energy where it is needed
21
What are the properties of arteries?
Permeable walls - Sunbstances can diffuse out+in
Thick walls-containsthick layers of muscle,compared to lumen
Thin walls - containsthin layers of muscle,compared to lumen
Strong and elastic - carry blood at high pressure
22
What is gene therapy?
Altering a persons genes to attempt to give genetic diseases
Altering a persons genes to attempt to cure genetic diseases
23
What is an advantage of measuring the length/height of the plant/animal?
Doesn't tell you about changes in width,diameter etc.
Easy to measure
24
What specialised organ systems do you need when you are multicellular?
To communicate between different systems = nervous system
To supply cells with nutrients they need= circulatory system
Controls substance exchanges with environment=respiratory
25
What is the job of the mRNA?
To copy the DNA from the nucleus + carry it to the ribosome
To copy the DNA from the ribosome + carry it to the nucleus
26
How do you work out Q
10
values (how the rate of reaction changes with temperature)?
rate atlower temp ÷ rate at higher temp
rate at higher temp ÷ rate at lower temp
27
What are proteins made up of?
Chains of amino alkalines
Chains of amino acids
28
What is the final stage in meiosis?
You now have 4 new cells,all gentically different
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
Each chromosome splits in 1/2+1 arm ends up in another cell
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
29
What is the third step in animal cloning?
The cell is given an electric shock so it divides by mitosis
The cell is implanted into the uterus of a third animal
Different nucleus is added to the empty egg cell
Nucleus is removed from an egg cell
30
How do work out respiratory quotient?
Amount of O2 used/Amount of C02 produced
RQ is usually between 0.7 and for aerobic respiration
RQ bigger than 1 = anaerobic respiration
Amount of CO2 produced/Amount of 02 used
31
What is an enzymes function?
Carry messages around the body e.g. insulin
Transport smaller molecules e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen
Are physically strong e.g. collagen
Are biological catalysts
32
What is aerobic respiration (the wrong answer is anaerobic respiration)?
Respiration that uses no oxygen at all
Respiration that uses plenty of oxygen
33
What is the 5th stage in mitosis?
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
The cytoplasm divides=2 new cells(are genetically identical)
Membranes form around both of the chromosmes
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
34
What is the fourth stage in cloning plants?
Growtissue ingrowthmedium in asepticconditionstostopmicrobes
Removeseveraltissuesfromplant-best resultsfromroot/shoot tip
As tissue grows shoots and roots - move to potting compost
Choose the plant you want to clone
35
How do animals grow (the incorrect answer is how plants grow)?
Celldivision plantgrowth-in the mersitems(tips,roots,shoots)
By cell division
Mainly due to cell enlargement(elongation)
36
What is the first step in animal cloning?
Nucleus is removed from an egg cell
Different nucleus is added to the empty egg cell
The cell is implanted into the uterus of a third animal
The cell is given an electric shock so it divides by mitosis
37
How can some mutations be beneficial/have no effect?
They could get a survival advantage from a new protein
No different protein can be produced that changes nothing
38
What is a structural protein function?
Are physically strong e.g. collagen
Are biological catalysts
Transport smaller molecules e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen
Carry messages around the body e.g. insulin
39
How and where are proteins made?
Made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes
Made in the ribosome by cytoplams
40
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Treins - Transport materials around the body
Capillaries-Involved inde exchange ofmaterials at the tissue
Arteries - Carry blood away from the heart
Veins - Carry blood to the heart
41
What does the energy from respiration make?
ATP
APT
42
Why is gene therapy with gametes controversial?
Might create a new set of problems for all offspring
Could lead to the creation of 'designer babies'
43
What is the first stage in cloning plants?
Growtissue ingrowthmedium in asepticconditionstostopmicrobes
As tissue grows shoots and roots - move to potting compost
Removeseveraltissuesfromplant-best resultsfromroot/shoot tip
Choose the plant you want to clone
44
What is the second stage of genetic engineering?
Organism replicates = more have the desired gene
The gene that produces the wanted charactersitic is selected
The gene is cut from the DNA using enzymes and is isolated
The useful DNA is inserted into the DNA of another organism
45
What is the first stage of genetic engineering?
The gene is cut from the DNA using enzymes and is isolated
The gene that produces the wanted charactersitic is selected
The useful DNA is inserted into the DNA of another organism
Organism replicates = more have the desired gene
46
What does the second system in a double circulatory system contain?
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs to get oxygenated
Connects the heart to the rest of the body
Gives up its oxygen, which then returns to the heart
Connects the heart to the lungs
47
What does a cell membrane do in a cell?
It is where proteins are synthesised
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
48
THINK FAST!!! What are gametes(sex cells = eggs and sperm) formed by?
Mitosis
By the way gametes are haploids-help in next question
Meiosis
49
What did they use to help understand the structure of DNA?
X-ray data - shows its a double helix
Other data showing the bases occurred in pairs
Other data showing the bases occurred in alone
X-ray data - shows its a single helix
50
What are chromosomes?
Long molecules of coiled up DNA divided up into genes
Short molecules of coiled up DNA divided up into genes
51
What does mitochondria do in a cell?
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
It is where proteins are synthesised
A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
Where most of the respiration reactions happen = energy
52
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?
Needs more muslce to pump blood around the whole body
Needs ore muscle to pump blood to the lungs
53
How is being multicellular beneficial?
Have to have specialised organ systems
Cell differentiation - different types of cells for jobs
Specialised organs=canbe specifically adapted to ther enviro
Bigger = travel further+few can eat/sqaush you
54
Whatare undifferentiatedcells dat candevelop in2 different cellsbased oninstructionsgivencalled
Stem cells
Stme cells
Had to remove spaces to fit in the whole question..sorry :(
55
How can DNA replicate itself?
'Unzips',new nucleotoides join usingcomplementarybasepairing
'Unzips',new nucleotoides splitusingcomplementarybasepairing
56
What does diploid mean (the incorrect answer is a haploid)?
Only have one copy of each chromosome
Have 2 copies of each chromosome in the nucleus
57
What is the 3rd stage in mitosis?
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
Membranes form around both of the chromosmes
Chromosmes line up at the centre of the cell
58
How does a high temperature affect an enzyme?
Can denature - when too hot
The bonds holding the enzyme can break - when too hot
Increases the rate of reaction
Low collison rate
59
What is the first stage of genetic engineering?
The gene is cut from the DNA using enzymes and is isolated
The gene that produces the wanted charactersitic is selected
The useful DNA is inserted into the DNA of another organism
Organism replicates = more have the desired gene
60
What is the 1st stage in mitosis?
Chromosmes line up at the centre of the cell
DNA coils into double-armed chromsomes-they are exact copies
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
DNA in the cells is replicated
61
THINK FAST!!! What does a haploid sperm and a haploid egg create?
Diploid zygote - A fertilised egg
Haploid zygote - A fertilised egg
62
What does ribosomes do in a cell?
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
It is where proteins are synthesised
A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
63
What is the fourth step in animal cloning?
The cell is implanted into the uterus of a third animal
Different nucleus is added to the empty egg cell
Nucleus is removed from an egg cell
The cell is given an electric shock so it divides by mitosis
64
What is a hormones function?
Transport smaller molecules e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen
Are physically strong e.g. collagen
Are biological catalysts
Carry messages around the body e.g. insulin
65
What does a bacteria cell not contain?
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
A true nucleus
A cell membrane
66
What is selective breeding?
Humans artificiallyselectplants/animals tobreedforwhatwewant
Plants/animals are selectifivally bred for the best features
67
What is a mutation?
A type of protein
A change in the DNA base sequence
68
What is an disadvantage of drying out the organism and weighing it for dry mass?
Not affected by amount of water ina plant/animal
Have to kill the organism
69
THINK FAST!!! What is differentiation?
Process where a cell changes to becomeunspecialised 4 de job
Process where a cell changes to become specialised 4 de job
70
Which of these examples shows genetic engineering?
Tooka geneof beta-cartene fromcarrots,put itorice= vitaminA
Gen for insulin production put into bacteria, then extracted
Stop weeds from having resistance to disease,herbicides etc.
71
THINK FAST!!! What is cloning?
Genetically unidentical organisms
Genetically identical organisms
72
What does plasma carry around the body?
Water and digested food products
Antibodies
Red and white blood cells and carbon dioxide
Urea and hormones
73
Why are people against stem cell research?
Only being able to write 60 words spaces included is annoyin
The embryos used are usually unwanted ones
Embryosshouldn'tbeexperimentedoncus it's apotentialhumanlife
74
Which of these are types of gene therapy?
Changing the genes in the gametes-all offspring affectedbyit
Changing genes in body cells - those most affected by it
75
Which is in the correct order?
bases = amino acids = protein
amino acids = bases = protein
76
What is mitosis?
A cell reproduces by splitting to form 2 identical offspring
A cell reproduces by splitting to form a identical offspring
77
What is the third stage of genetic engineering?
Organism replicates = more have the desired gene
The gene is cut from the DNA using enzymes and is isolated
The gene that produces the wanted charactersitic is selected
The useful DNA is inserted into the DNA of another organism
78
What is DNA?
Single helix(single-stranded spiral),made up of nucleotides
Double helix(double-stranded spiral),made up of nucleotides
79
What is a carrier molecules function?
Transport smaller molecules e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen
Are physically strong e.g. collagen
Are biological catalysts
Carry messages around the body e.g. insulin
80
What is the first stage in meiosis?
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
Chromosomes arrange into pairs
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
DNA replicates itself to form a double-armed chromosome
81
What is the second stage in meiosis?
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
Chromosomes arrange into pairs
Each chromosome splits in 1/2+1 arm ends up in another cell
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
82
What is the third stage in cloning plants?
Growtissue ingrowthmedium in asepticconditionstostopmicrobes
Choose the plant you want to clone
Removeseveraltissuesfromplant-best resultsfromroot/shoot tip
As tissue grows shoots and roots - move to potting compost
83
THINK FAST!!! Which base is paired with G
A
T
C
84
What does the right atrium of the heart receive (wrong answer for left atrium receives)
Oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
Deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava
85
THINK FAST!!! When do humans have steady growth (The other answers are when growth stops)?
Childhood
Old Age - 65 to death
Maturity/Adulthood
86
Which of these are disadvantages of cloning?
Cloning is anew science,so may have bad unknown consequences
Some evidence that cloned animals may not be as healthy
Allows u 2 mass produceanimalswith desirable characteristics
Human embryos can be made this way for stem cell research
87
THINK FAST!!! What does the semilunar, bicuspid and tricuspid valve do?
Prevent backflow of blood
Forces backflow of blood
88
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?-glucose + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water
C6H1206 + 602 = 6C02 + 6H20 + energy
C6H1206 + 02 = C02 + H20 + energy
89
What does a nucleus do in a cell?
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
It is where proteins are synthesised
90
Are these ethical issues of cloning?
Mammal clones have often been unhealthy and prematurely die
Surrogate pregnancies-high chance of stillbirth/miscarriage
Psychological damage from knowledge of being just a clone
91
What is the optimum pH usually?
pH7
pH2
pH8
pH1
92
What are the pros of cloning animals?
Lack of genetic variation
Can mass-produce plants that are hard to grow
If the plants suffer from a disease all get it-same genes
Can be fairly sure of the characteristics
93
How are sperm cells adapted to transport DNA to the egg?
Sperm are big with long tails - So they can swim
Sperm are small with long tails - So they can swim
Acrosomes-headfront-release enzymes-digestthrougheggmembrane
Have lots of mitochondria - Provide energy needed to swim
94
What does a nucleotide contain?
Basses
Bases
95
What is the fifth stage in meiosis?
Each chromosome splits in 1/2+1 arm ends up in another cell
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
You now have 4 new cells,all gentically different
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
96
The main drawback of selective breeding is that it reduces the gene pool
True
False
97
What is the third stage in meiosis?
The cell splits into 2 so each cell has 23 chromosomes=mixed
The pairs move to opposite poles of the cell
You now have 4 new cells,all gentically different
Each chromosome splits in 1/2+1 arm ends up in another cell
98
What is the final stage in mitosis?
Membranes form around both of the chromosmes
The cytoplasm divides=2 new cells(are genetically identical)
Cell fibres pull them apart and they divide
The 2 chromsomes go to opposite poles(ends) of the cell
99
What does a plant cell have that a animal cell doesn't?
Vacuole - contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar+salts
Cell wall - made of cellulose and supports the cell
Ribosome - where proteins are synthesised
Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis happens
100
What does cytoplasm do in a cell?
Where most of the respiration reactions happen = energy
A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
It is where proteins are synthesised
101
What does the first system in a double circulatory system contain?
Gives up its oxygen, which then returns to the heart
Connects the heart to the lungs
Connects the heart to the rest of the body
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs to get oxygenated
102
THINK FAST!!! Which of these affects enzyme-controlled respiration?
Temperature
pH
103
What is the second stage in cloning plants?
Growtissue ingrowthmedium in asepticconditionstostopmicrobes
Removeseveraltissuesfromplant-best resultsfromroot/shoot tip
Choose the plant you want to clone
As tissue grows shoots and roots - move to potting compost
104
Which of these can cause mutations?
Ionising radiation e.g. X-rays and ultraviolet light
Certain chemicals e.g. mutagens and carcinogens
105
How are red blood cells adapted to transport oxygen from the lungs to everywhere else?
Haemoglobin-combines with iron makes oxyhaemoglobin
Have nucleus=more space,flexible=pass through capillaries
Small + bioconcave shape=large surface are:volume ratio
No nucleus=more space,flexible=pass through capillaries
106
Why do we use selective breeding?
Good health/disease resistance
Attractiveness, speed, temperament
Maximum yield of grain,meat etc.
