Geology 101 Final Exam Review

This type of lava flow has smooth surfaces and resembles twisted braids of rope

What type of coastline is found on the western portion of the US?

Old, cold lithosphere tends to subduct at steeper angles

_________________ lie between the the continental margins & oceanic ridges and can contain abyssal plains & seamounts

The beach/shore is divided into the foreshore and backshore areas

Where are most composite volcanoes found on Earth?

Active continental margins are associated with convergent margins, trenches & found around the Pacific Ocean.

This zone lies between the low-tide shoreline & the point where waves break at low tide

____________ are broad linear swells at divergent plate boundaries found on the floor of the ocean

Oceanic plateaus & large igneous provinces are composed of

_________________ are formed from magma ascending into fractures that cools and solidifies into columns

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

Most lava seen on Earth is __________ in nature.

Accretionary wedges are found in...

Earth rotates through a tidal bulge

Tephra, ash, welded tuff, lapilli, cinders, blocks, bombs, pumice & scoria all refer to....

Name the four stages of volcanic structure development in oceans

Earth's tides are primarily influenced by...

Deep Ocean Trenches are associated with nearby volcanic activity as volcanic island arcs & continental volcanic arcs

Who formulated the concept of seafloor spreading?

Water in a wave moves in a circular motion & wave energy moves it forward, not the water itself

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Cyclones need cold water to form

Abyssal plains are most extensive in the Pacific Ocean because of its size.

Where would I be likely to find seafloor spreading occurring?

Which portion of the continental margin varies in exposure due to sea level changes?

Hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones cause damage via...

In the northern hemisphere, storm surge is more intense on the right side of the eye of a hurricane/cyclone/typhoon

What type of bedding is associated with turbidity currents?

What is the wavelength defined as?

Wave-cut cliffs, wave-cut platforms & marine terraces are associated with this type of shoreline

All beaches are composed of broken down sandstone.

Is the average continental slope steep or shallow in angle?

Using this figure, what type of magma would be most explosive?

Pressure decreases as you move toward the center of a hurricane/typhoon/cyclone.

What is viscosity?

What is the name of this chart & which mineral will crystallize out first as temperature drops from 1500 to 1200 deg C?

What type of lava is typically extruded from a shield volcano?

This is defined as the turbulent water created by breaking waves

The continental margin is divided into which 3 categories?

This type of lava flow has rough jagged blocks

What is a triple junction?

What is the difference between magma & lava?

Typhoons are found in which ocean?

These type of tides produce especially high & low tides and are caused by alignment of the sun/moon/Earth in parallel

A well developed rift valley with rugged topography is associated with

Transform faulting and earthquakes are associated with mid-oceanic ridges

Jetties, Groins, Breakwaters & Seawalls are all examples of...

_____________ occurs when the subducting plate scrapes the bottom of the overriding plate

The Richter scale is used to measure hurricane/cyclone/typhoon destructiveness

If a plate subducts faster than it is produced, what will happen?

The largest volcano in our solar system is __________ found on _________.

How can we map the seafloor?

•As waves develop, the surface area upon which the wind acts will decrease.

Higher dissolved gas content makes for less explosive eruptions

Hurricanes are found in which ocean?

Low silica content makes for less explosive eruptions

____________ represent 10-20% of magma that reaches the seafloor, where it solidifies into large, tube protuberances

These type of tides produce a smaller tidal range because the moon/sun/Earth are in perpendicular alignment

How does the continental rise form?

The scale used to classify volcanic eruptions is ....

Cyclones are found in which ocean?

_________________ are precipitated ions of various metals deposited on the ocean floor as particle filled clouds

Abrasion occurs with waves on shorelines, wind in deserts and ice in glaciers

Where does the asthenosphere rise up to its highest point in relation to Earth's crust?

This is a mixture of hot gases infused with ash, lava & rocks that flow down a volcanic slope

Rift valleys always open up to create oceans

Greatest wind speeds & highest rainfall in a hurricane/typhoon/cyclone occur in the

The 3 basic types of volcanoes are...

____________ are the longest topographic features on Earth

What type of coastline is found on the eastern portion of the US?

A new ocean basin begins with the formation of a ______________

The Mariana Trench is an example of this type of lithospheric subduction

How are oceanic plateaus formed?

•Differentiate between the shoreline & the coastline.

Normal faulting is associated with this type of force

When encountering a rip current, swim to the side to escape it

What type of event can precede continental rifting?

Barrier islands...

Seawater can permeate fractured crust material to a depth of 2-3km.

__________ are the outer margins of the continents and the transition zones into oceanic crust

Typical volcanic gases include....

Where would I find a rift valley in a mid-oceanic ridge?

What are the 4 layers of an ophiolite complex in order, from bottom to top?

Mapping the topography of the ocean floor is called

How are pyroclastic materials classified?

Deep sea fans associated with turbidity currents are found in which portions of the ocean's provinces?

Spits, baymouth bars, barrier islands & tombolos are features found in what type of coastline?

How do Hawaiian & Yellowstonian calderas differ?

How do a crater & caldera differ?

Higher temperature magmas are more explosive.

The Wilson Cycle describes

Where is wave energy concentrated in the diagram below?

•Sand on a beach moves by this transport method along the coast.

Sea stacks and sea arches differ in that...

3 factors controlling magma viscosity are....

This is the large dome of water that sweeps across the coast when a hurricane/cyclone/typhoon makes landfall

An estuary is a ________ found in this type of coastline

•What is the primary force in shaping shorelines?

Active continental margins are associated with the eastern coast of the US/Atlantic ocean and diverging boundaries