MSD Review

Contralateral means same side

Excessive amounts of nasal resonance on nonnasal phonemes

Assessment of motor speech disorders can include

Dysarthria caused by dysfunction in the basal ganglia

Portion of the brain connecting cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord: includes pons, midbrain, and medulla

SMRs = single syllable repetitions

Compulsive repetition of an individual's own speech.

Tremor is involuntary, repetitive quivering of a body part

Deep sulcus separating the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

S.L.O.B. stands for

spasmodic torticollis

Dysarthria caused by bilateral UMN damage to the pyramidal and extra pyramidal tracts

Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of palatal, pharyngeal,and laryngeal muscles

Inability to use an object or gesture due to loss of the knowledge of the object's or gesture's function

Vital capacity is total amount of air exhaled after full inhalation

White matter is named for the myelin-covered axons that course through the CNS.

motor neurons are also called afferent nerves

Impaired production of speech due to deficits in neuromuscular control of the speech mechanism

Subcortical gray matter provides dopamine to the striatum; degeneration often results in ideopathic Parkinson's disease.

Perisylvian fissure is thought to be location of motor speech programmer.

The gold standard for MSD evaluation.

aphasia

Term meaning same side of the body

Rigidity is constant increased muscle tone.

neural transmitters

Uncontrolled laughing or crying independent of actual emotions; in pts with spastic dysarthria = pseudobulbar affect

Increasing and decreasing amounts of muscle tone as the affected body part is moved passively.

Neural tracts sending information to and from the cerebellum

Indirect activation system = Extrapyramidal system

outer layer of the cerebrum

UMN tract from the cortex to the brainstem; carries primarily motor impulses for skilled, voluntary movements.

Dysarthria caused by unilateral damage to UMNs causing deficit primarily of articulation

Dystonia-sustained involuntary contractions of muscle groups, body parts or large areas of the body.

Tract transmitting neural impulses that influence reflexes, muscle tone, and posture.

The cerebellum is attached to the back of the brainstem and helps coordinate movements.

Disease with loss of acetylcholine receptos in muscles causing rapid fatigue of muscle contractions

Anoxia occurs when there is too much oxygen to the brain tissue

Simultaneous phonation of 2 sounds due to hyperadducted TVCs and False VCs

Forms of hyperkinetic dysarthria movements

Surgical treatment for ideopathic Parkinson's disease that stimulates the basal ganglia.

Hyponasality has too much nasal resonance on nasal phonemes.

select 3 subcategories of spasmodic dysphonia

AOS is a form of ideational apraxia.

Phonation caused by abnormally adducted TVCs, makes you mirror tightness in your throat when you hear it

Rapid reps of single syllables

Dysarthria caused by damage to the cerebellar control circuits

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Dysarthria caused by reduction of dopamine in basal ganglia

Harshness occurs when TVCs adduct abnormally tight

UMN pathways that convey motor impulses for skilled, voluntary movements

Parkinsonism: neuro disorders with symptoms of-

The vermis is the deep sulcus that separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Neurons in the cranial and spinal nerves that transmit motor impulses to muscles, organs, glands

The area of the cortex that first receives sensory impulses from the body; a.k.a. the postcentral gyrus

Phonation on inhalation due to incomplete vocal cord adduction

SLPs need to hone their counseling skills for patients and their families.

Ideomotor apraxia: lost ability to sequence movements, but retains knowledge of what is required.

Gray matter is neural tissue that is rich with neuron cell bodies.

Surgical attachment of pharygeal tissue to velum

Audible air escape through nares on nonnasal phonemes, mainly Voiceless stops and fricatives

AOS is a deficit in the planning and programming of speech production

cranial nerve nuclei

Unexpected misarticulation of syllables within a word

Efferent neurons send neural impulses from the CNS to the periphery

Rigidity in constant increased muscle tone throughout all movements

12 pairs of nerves branching out mostly from the brainstem

Dysarthrias affecting 2 or more areas of the motor system.

Parts of the brain stem

Deficits in the timing, force, range, and direction of voluntary movement caused by cerebellar damage.

Spontaneous occurrence of a pathologic condition with an unknown or obscure cause.

The brain and spinal cord

Another name for the primary motor cortex is the precentral gyrus.

Therapy techniques to remediate rate of speech

Neurons that make up the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

Tremor seen as body part approaches a target, e.g. reaching

Increased muscle tone that is inconsistent as an affected body part is moved passively.

Rare degenerative disorder affecting cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord producing mixed dysarthria

Bradykinesia: movements that are fast with reduced ROM

Reflexes are slow, controlled, voluntary action in response to a stimulus

Deficit in sequencing oral movements not related to speech production.

Tremor present only when affected body part is being moved actively; absent or greatly reduced at rest.

Three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, namely the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

Flaccid dysarthria is caused by damage to upper motor neurons.

Sensory neurons transmit sensory impulses to the brain.

Dysarthria caused by involuntary movements that interfere with speech is spastic dysarthria.

Characteristics of Ataxic Dysarthria

Neural tracts sending information to and from the cerebellum

"Bulbar" pertains to the motor programmer for speech

AOS is a deficit in the planning and programming of speech production.

Collection of subcortical gray matter structures that help refine movements

Resting tremor occurs when the affected body part is still

Disease that ultimately affects UMNs and LMNs while cognition remains intact

The 5 subsystems of speech production are

Substantia nigra is subcortical gray matter structure whose neurons provide dopamine to the striatum.

Direct Activation system is the same as the extra pyramidal system.

Descriptive terms for assessing phonation

Portion of the nervous system responsible for voluntary and involuntary body movements.

Axons in the corticospinal tract cross at the decussation of the pyramids to the contralateral side of the body.

Fasciculations observed in an OME indicate a nerve is dying

Dysarthria caused by involuntary movements that interfere with speech production.