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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
2
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
color
light purity
brightness
3
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
4
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
5
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
reiteration
recognition
6
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
7
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
8
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
9
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
10
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
chunk
script
semantic network
11
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
12
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
13
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
14
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
15
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
conformity
groupthink
16
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
17
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
18
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
19
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
a percentile score
IQ
20
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
21
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
22
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
23
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
24
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
25
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
26
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
latency
anal
27
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
28
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
29
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
30
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
31
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
32
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
33
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 2
stage 1
34
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
35
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
36
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
37
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
pitch
loudness
38
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
39
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
40
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
41
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
42
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
43
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
44
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
45
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
46
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
47
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
social loafing
48
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
49
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
happiness
sadness
50
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
51
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
52
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
53
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
54
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
sing a song
55
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
56
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
57
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
58
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
59
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
60
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
resistance to pain
61
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
fluid
procedural
62
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
63
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
64
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
65
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
66
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
67
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
68
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
69
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
70
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
standard deviation
71
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
processing
sensation
perception
72
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
73
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
74
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
encoded
retrieved
75
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
76
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
77
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
78
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
79
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
80
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
long-term
sensory
short-term
81
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
82
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
83
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
beta
gamma
84
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
85
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
86
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
87
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
88
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
89
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
change
frustration
90
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
91
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
92
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
93
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a sedative
94
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
95
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
cerebellum
reticular formation
limbic system
96
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
97
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
98
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
99
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
100
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
101
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
102
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
103
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
104
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
105
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
106
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
107
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
108
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
109
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test levels
test scores
110
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
display rules
111
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
compensation
regression
displacement
112
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
mean
midpoint
113
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
114
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
115
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
116
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
117
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
118
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
119
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
120
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
121
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
122
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
123
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
124
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
125
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
126
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
127
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
128
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
129
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
absolute
content
130
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
131
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
132
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
sensation
hypnosis
133
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
134
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
135
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
136
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
137
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
stereotypes
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
138
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
139
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
symmetry
constancy
140
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
141
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
142
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
143
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
light
tone
144
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
145
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
146
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
147
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
148
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
149
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
150
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
