Research Methods Final

Outliers are a major problem because outliers:

__________ refers to the nature of reality:

Quantitative methods seek knowledge through the pursuit of:

The _________ hypothesis is generally the research hypothesis

_________ refers to beliefs of stakeholders about the need for/impact of, services provided

The literature review should only summarize the information.

Qualitative researchers avoid using the term sample and instead use purposive selection.

_______ was the forerunner in the establishment of single-subject case methodology

___ statistics help predict the probability of a causal association with a degree of confidence

In qualitative research, the soundness of the research is evaluated by its:

The __________ is the distance between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution.

One of the criticisms of case study research is that the results are not generalizable

___ is the estimate of how consistently instruments used to gather data performed

A widely used measure of goodness-of-fit for confirmatory models is the chi-square.

Time series methodology is an assessment of:

When all other things are equal, __________ tests are more powerful than __________ tests.

Phenomenology has its roots in:

__________ uses two or more predictor variables to predict the criterion variable, Y.

__________ are a type of methodology used in outcome research

The higher the multicollinearity, the _____ the accuracy of the prediction with future samples.

Ethnography comes from the Greek word:

Which of the follow is/are univariate tests?

Clients are less likely to drop out prematurely if professional counselors:

An article directly related to the topic is known as a ________ source.

In the problem identification stage, counselors complete all of the following EXCEPT:

A summary of existing literature on the research topic-could be considered a definition of a:

Critical theory accepts the tenet that reality is socially constructed.

Statistical __________ is the likelihood of finding statistically significant differences.

Research q's help focus the researchers lit. review and lead to creation of specific hypotheses

Ethnographic research has its origins in:

Populations yield _____ while samples yield:

_____ data involves scores being lumped together to provide an average for students

The lower & upper bounds of the confidence interval for means is calculated based on a critical

High school class rank is an example of a(n) _______ scale.

A Likert-type scale is an example of a(n) __________ scale.

Goals in a needs assessment are usually written in language NOT amenable to:

Mixed-group designs are also known as split plot designs.

An effect size (ES)=1 indicates the treatment was ___ SDs above the mean of the control group

__________ objectives refer to more specific and immediate steps toward meeting goals.

All of the following are true of qualitative research EXCEPT that it:

Effect size is the number of ______ above or below the mean where a given treatment score lies

Grounded theory was based on the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism.

Factors that can threaten the validity of a research study are:

Kurtosis describes the degree of flatness in a curve.

A ______ study reduces the possibility of this by ensuring participants are unaware of outcomes

Alternate treatment design is used to measure more than one treatment method on a dependent var

Research questions often influence the data collection and sampling methods.

Which of the following mathematical operations can be performed on nominal scales?

The question “how will data be collected” falls under the category of methodology.

__________ studies do not explicitly define a dependent variable of primary interest.

______ recording is a process by which a professional counselor records all observed behaviors.

The purpose of most research is to expand on or improve existing research.

The __________ is used to compare a sample mean to a previously known population mean

Professional characteristics of counselors appear to make _____ difference in treatment outcome

Another way of expressing effect sizes in correlational research involves the computation of:

Counselors using action research focus on information that will alter conditions in a setting

All of these are used in statistical selection of predictors in multiple regression EXCEPT:

Qualitative inquiry tends to be an inductive process.

What should each body paragraph begin with that prepares the reader for the forthcoming content

Disaggregated data allows the identification of programmatic strengths and weaknesses.

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate

Surveys generate a tremendous amount of perception-based data over a short period of time

_____ questions allow researchers to gather concrete information about participants & settings.

Wilk’s lambda in MANOVA takes into account the correlations among the __________ variables.

______is the consistency of scores for each person from one administration of a test to another

A __________ distribution lists every score and the number from highest score to lowest score

When generating possible research questions, all of the following should be used EXCEPT:

Male and female fall under the __________ category of variable.

Researchers observed more frequent premature termination rates by clients EXCEPT those with:

____ hypothesis predicts a difference will occur without showing what group will perform better

The output for linear regression with two or more predictors is referred to as:

___ hypothesis predicts no difference or relationship will be observed between or among groups.

The reliability of score indicates the degree to which these scores are free of:

__________ may contribute to negative client outcomes.

___________ theory is a systematic procedure used to generate a theory that explains a process

Researchers must remain attentive to the research subjects __ to ensure the best possible data

Data can be disaggregated by:

“What is your marital status?” is an example of a __________ question.

___ coding involves exploring the initial transcribed data to name/categorize discrete elements

________ analysis allows empirical studies to be collapsed into a meaningful quantitative index

Parametric tests assume:

All of the following are scales of measurement EXCEPT:

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

_______ is when the observer records occurrences of a target behavior in the at a point in time

Which part of the paper should convince the reader that the topic is important and interesting?

Which design offers more control over history, maturation, testing, and regression threats?

A needs assessment in agencies, clinics, or other non-school venues should be conducted:

The __________ of two variables expresses the relationship between them.

The grounded theory approach was initiated by:

A larger sample size leads to _______ amount(s) of sampling error.

The tone of your writing should be based on which of the following?

Post hoc analyses are only conducted when __________ results indicate statistical significance.

When interpreting scores in a normal curve____of all scores fall in 1 & 2 standard deviations

The __________ test is used when ordinal scores are from two correlated samples.

The process where you start broad through reviewing the literature you help narrow your scope?

Variables that contribute unwanted variance are called extraneous variables.

Under normal circumstances __________ tests are more powerful.

__________ scales categorize a client characteristic in non-ordered and exclusive categories

The amount of type I error is identified as α, alpha.

ANOVAs and t-tests are examples of :

Changes in performance by the mere presence of others is known as the __________ effect.

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate:

A sample refers to a larger group of individuals who the results of the study generalized.

_____recording measures the elapsed time between the occurrence and the beginning of a behavior

Snowball sampling is an appropriate method for sampling participants who are easy to obtain

______ statistics are used when assumptions required for parametric analysis have been violated

The purpose of ______ is to find support for observations/conclusions from more than one source

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

____ hypotheses explore how scores on an independent var. relate to scores on a dependent var.

College Entrance Examination Board scores have a mean of _____ and standard deviation of _____.

Member checking involves returning to the field to check interpretations with the informants.

Only quantitative inquiry is subject to researcher bias.

__________ error occurs when the null hypothesis is retained but should have been rejected.

Type II error is largely dependent on:

Reporting a _________ is a way of dividing a percentile rank distribution into four portions.

Researcher ______ refers to how the researcher’s worldview influences the research design

Using samples of convenience reduces the credibility of the research investigation.

A _____ curve is when every score above the mean has a mirror-image score below the mean

Although inappropriate in writing, _____ language is considered everyday language.

Evaluation is the measurement of worth based on the evidence.

Any mathematical operation can be applied to ratio data.

__________ tests are more powerful than nonparametric tests.

__________definitions outline the precise steps required to measure a variable accurately:

A t-test is used to compare __________ mean(s).

_________ recording involves counting the frequency of occurrences within a observation period.

The most reliable and valid data-gathering and data-analysis methods are fit to the research:

When interpreting scores using a normal curve____fall between the mean & one standard deviation

Multicollinearity occurs when there is a __________ of correlations among the predictors.

______is a diagram with a predictor variable on the x-axis and criterion variable on the y-axis

__________ evaluation is an end-of-program evaluation.