Zoology Exam 1 Review

____________ are pairs of genes that affect the same phenotypic trait; located at same locus

Component of synthetic theory of evolution stating all living organisms are composed of cells.

___________ is the exchange of genotypes between populations; through immigration & emigration.

____________ states that all living things come from other living things.

What is the history of origin and diversification of a group of organisms called?

_____________________ is characterized as small gradual traits over time.

Which theory suggests that there are periodic and complete global extinctions of life on Earth?

______________ is the inactivated X chromosome in females; occurs through lyonization.

The mapping and sequencing of genomes is known as _________________.

________ coined the utterly dismal theorem; food ↑ arithmetically, human pop. ↑ geometrically.

_______________ is the clade containing animals, fungi, and some single celled protists.

Incomplete speciation due to partial reproductive isolation is ____________________.

Change in relative time of appearance/development of characteristics -> ancestor to descendent.

______________________ results in a common adaptation that appears in numerous related species.

The major process by which evolution occurs; nonrandom reproduction of individuals is ________.

What is the section of a DNA molecule containing codons (also known as a gene)?

Eukaryote or prokaryote?

What is the system of naming organisms known as; genus and species?

The concept stating that complex systems tend to degrade into simpler forms.

Who was popularly given credit for the theory of natural selection?

What type of factors are playing a role in the present mass extinction?

What organism makes organic nutrients from inorganic compounds and energy conversion?

____________ is a hypothesis that stated life "seeded" on Earth from elsewhere in the universe.

The failure of a chromosome to separate normally during meiosis is called ____________.

What type of speciation is associated with a new population isolated by colonization?

Moving into a population.

Species A --> Species B+C; branching evolution.

______________ is characterized as small, gradual changes in species over time.

What type of selection is this?

Chlorophyll containing cells perform _____________ to make carbs; requires CO2, H2O and light.

___________ is a phenomenon in which 1 pair of alleles controls the expression of another.

What are portions of chromosomes with genes that normally cross over 'linked' together?

What type of selection is this?

____________ is the site on a chromosome occupied by a gene.

________________ states that science deals with objective phenomena; governed by physical laws.

_____________________ is the preferential mating among close relatives.

________________ states that all scientific explanations are subject to revision or rejection.

_____________ is representative of two or more cell lines in the same animal; autosomal/sexual.

Genes associated with neoplastic growth are _________________.

A molecule consisting of a single linear chain of amino acids is a _______________.

Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g. Tt).

Evolution in which similar adaptations in 2+ species come from 2+ ancestral species is _______.

___________ is double the chromosome number (2n).

Evolution resulting in different adaptations in 2+ closely related species is _______________.

Law stating that complex systems tend to degrade into simpler forms; entropy.

Metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, etc. are all _________________.

Which domain contains prokaryotic cells that are more primitive (many are extremophiles)?

___________ is the process by which an X chromosome in females is deactivated;result=Barr body.

Nonrandom mating in which individuals prefer to mate with others like themselves is __________.

_____________ is the coding portion of DNA.

_____________ is a speculation stating a small dark star influences meteorite strikes on Earth.

Domain also known as Bacteria; includes heterotrophic, nitrifying, and photosynthetic bacteria.

__________ occurs when characteristics of both alleles are expressed in heterozygous phenotype.

________________________ is a representation of population genetics; p² + 2pq + q² = 1

__________ is selective discrimination of certain biological traits via mass extinction events.

______________ is the establishment of a new population that has been isolated by colonization.

___________________ is the physical exchange of portions of homologous chromosomes.

Linear evolution; species A --> species B

Having a single gene for a trait (e.g. sex-linked traits).

A representation of Mendelian genetics where there is a combination of two different traits.

_______________ is the change in gene frequencies over time.

_______ is a taxon or group of organisms containing its most recent ancestor and its decedents.

What was the first living organism on Earth?

____________ occurs when there is the presence of only one chromosome from a pair.

_________________ encompasses large scale evolutionary processes; beyond the species level.

An extremophile that is "salt loving"; lives in environments with very high salt concentrations

A chromosomal mutation in which a nucleotide is added to the sequence.

Having two of the same alleles for a trait (e.g. TT or tt).

______________ is the tendency for gene frequencies to remain constant over time.

A _______ is a triplet of nucleotides; codes for 1 amino acid unit in a protein or polypeptide.

_____ is the idea that a long evolutionary history molded adaptations of living organisms today

Group of organisms with a common ancestor and all its descendants; represents a single branch.

_______________ are alterations to DNA molecules in which single genes are mutated.

Alterations in chromosomes including translocations, deletions, duplications, inversions, etc.

__________ is a chromosomal mutation in which a piece of a chromosome is lost entirely.

___________________ is a physical characteristic that increases the fitness of an organism.

A result of the interaction of the environment and genes during development.

Two or more pairs of alleles controlling a phenotypic trait is characteristic of _____________.

The evolutionary diversification of 1 species into many; often seen on islands, new lakes, etc.

________________ are chromosomes bearing genes affecting somatic traits.

____________ are the distinct departures of multiple species due to diverging common ancestors.

A(n) ________________ is a mature female germ cell (egg).

A mosaic in which the somatic cells are expressing more than one genotype (ex: Calico cats).

________________ are the building blocks of proteins; resultant of a coding codon.

Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues but have different functions.

_______________ is programmed cell death.

____________________ are non-linear, synergistic characteristics of interacting systems.

The genetic material of all organisms.

Blue-green algae that were the dominant life form on Earth for 1.5-2 billion yrs are known as?

______________ states that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.

This occurs when two alleles are expressed in a heterozygote and produce a new phenotype.

Events in which large amounts of species disappear; ex: Permian & present extinctions.

The maintenance of a constant internal environment is __________________.

________________ is the incorporation of DNA from another lineage; often performed by bacteria.

Moving out of a population is known as ___________.

___________ describes the presence of more than one structural type of individual in a species.

What are the noncoding, intervening portions of DNA called?

Fewer or more than the usual number of chromosomes results in ________________.

The single chromosome number (1n); e.g. sex cells

Type of evolution stating similar adaptations in species are derived from 2 ancestral stocks?

The number of chromosomes in an organism, their appearance, and arrangement is a _____________.

_______________ structures that are similar in function, but different in developmental origin.

The ___________ allele is the allele visible in the phenotype.

What physical law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only its form may change?

___________ are DNA molecules plus 5 types of histone proteins (in Eukaryotes).

_________________ is a process of deriving organic nutrients and energy from inorganic sources.

What does this ratio represent: 1 species/million/year

Proteins found in eukaryotic nuclei; package and order DNA into nucleosomes.

What is the phenotypic expression of traits based on genotypes (ex:co-dom., intermediate dom.)?

Which hypothesis is this metabolism -> protocells -> genes -> living cells?

__________ is the proliferation of cells at an uncharacteristically high rate; leads to tumors.

_____________________ states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed; only form may change.

Event in which anthropogenic factors are contributing to an overall background extinction rate.

______________ is responsible for polyploidy in plants and Hox gene duplication in vertebrates.

Class of molecules composed of nucleotides; building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Division of the cell nucleus; 2n --> 2n.

_________________ is the formation of 2+ species from a single ancestral species; most common

To be derived from more than one ancestral source is to be _______________.

________________ is the inactivation of DNA by inserting a gene sequence into a section of DNA.

Known for concept of gradualism (Earth has history of slow change due to environmental factors)

Hypothesis stating life may have originated outside of Earth; includes panspermia hypothesis.

What kind of energy is available for doing work?

What is a group of different species populations in the same geographic area at the same time?

Molecules composed of a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine.

The changes in gene frequencies in populations over time (10s - millions of yrs); small scale.

This scientist coined uniformitarianism; states: past events are based on natural processes.

_________________ is an organisms ability to transform energy.

A representation of Mendelian genetics in which a single trait is examined.

______________ = retention of ancestral juvenile features in stages of ontogeny of descendants.

What experiment illustrated the prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds?

________________ occurs when a single pair of alleles controls multiple phenotypic traits.

_______ are tiny spherical droplets of inorganic molecules kept together by hydrophobic forces.

Which hypothesis is this: protocells -> enzymes -> genes -> living cells?

A type of protein that deactivates cell function.

Organism that obtains its energy from organic compounds in the environment (i.e. has to feed).

What is a group of potentially interbreeding organisms that occupies the same geographic area?

Make up living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Chromosomal mutation in which a nucleotide is added or removed, causing a shift in nucleotides.

Domain containing eukaryotic cells; complex cells.

___________ are changes in a single gene or larger parts of a chromosome; most are lethal.

Three or more genes controlling the same trait is characteristic of ____________________.

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is its _______________.

Reduction division; 2n --> 1n; occurs in sex cells

Extremophiles that live in anaerobic environments and produce methane as metabolic byproduct.

Macromolecule that functions in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning (ex: fats).

The random loss or fixation of genes in small, isolated populations is _________________.

________________ are multicellular animals.

____________________ is the process including horizontal gene transfer and genome duplication.

An atmosphere that is oxygen rich; created through cellular respiration.

Who theorized the concept of transformational evolution and the theory of acquired traits?