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Free Radical Mechanism Flashcards | StudBud
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Free Radical Mechanism
Free Radical Mechanism
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Properties and reactions
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Answers
1
What type of radical mechanistic step is this?
Termination
Proton Transfer
Initiation
Propagation
2
The Gibbs Free Energy of a spontaneous reaction is
neutral
positive
negative
sad
3
Free radicals can be produced by:
All of the above
High temperatures
Irradiation with UV light or X-ray light
Radical initiators
4
What is a Free Radical?
An electron pair donor
The product of a Termination Reaction
Any species with an unpaired valency electron
The product of Heterolytic Bond Fission
5
H extraction via a radical reaction from methane has trigonal planar geometry.
IDK
False
True
Who knows?
6
Which of the following equations represents the initiation step of a radical chain reaction?
Br• + Cl2 --> BrCl + Cl
X2 --> X• + X•
NaOH + HCl --> NaCl + H2O
Cl• + Cl• --> Cl2
7
Vitamin E is...
found in animal-sourced foods only
IDK
an antioxidant and captures free radicals
ONLY in dairy products
8
What is the problem with fast Fluorination and Chlorination radical substitution reactions?
All of the above
Multiple isomers are formed
By-products/mixture are formed
Reaction can take place at any hydrogen along the carbon chain
9
Which free radical would be most stable?
I
II
IV
III
10
2nd law of thermodynamics:
universal entropy is going down
what's entropy? (uh oh..)
universal entropy is staying the same
universal entropy is going up
11
What is needed to create a free radical?
UV light
Microwave light
Visible light
Infrared light
12
Select the structure of the major product formed in the following reaction, with the most availble hydrogens.
IV
II
III
I
13
Which of the following free radicals is the most stable?
B
A
C
D
14
What factor(s) contribute to the stability of this radical intermediate?
resonance
hyperconjugation
not this one
hyperconjugation and resonance
15
What's the molecular kinetics of a gas?
Lots of kinetic energy
A collection of widely separated molecules
All of the Above
Very compressible
16
What is the major product for this reaction?
Secondary substituted one
Primary substituted one
Tertiary substituted one
Allylic one
17
Super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process are called:
solvents
free radicals
crystalization
fermentation
18
The hybridization state of the carbon of a methyl radical is:
sp3
sp
sp4
sp2
19
What is a free radical?
When there's a lone pair
When there's an electron
When there's a lone bond
an intermediate that has unpaired electrons
20
In the catalytic destruction of ozone the initiation step is
lightening
absorbtion of uv light breaking the carbon chlorine bond
A chlorine radical colliding with an ozone molecule
a chlorineoxide radical colliding with more ozone
21
Free radical scavengers like vitamins are molecules that...
react with free radicals to form stable particles
react with oxygen to form stable particles
react with protons to form stable particles
react with hydrogen to form stable particles
22
What will be the first bond to break in this reaction?
C-H because it has the highest bond enthalpy
Cl-Cl because it has the lowest bond enthalpy
C-H because it has the lowest bond enthalpy
Cl-Cl because it has the highest bond enthalpy
23
Vit C helps maintain our immune system by
protecting us from radical damage
acting as a catalyst
24
What type of radical mechanistic step this is not?
Initiation
Termination
Proton Transfer
Propagation
25
Chlorine, peroxides, NBS are radical sources. "Proactiv" contains radicals generating Benzoyl peroxide
True
False
26
A free radical must have what?
An unpaired electron
A full outer shell
UV light
A lone pair
27
Radical reactions proceed in 3 steps?
Nucleophobic Substitution and addition
Electrophilic Substitution and ion formation
Free radical sink and source
Initiation, propagation, termination
28
The order of stability of carbocations and free radicals is
tertiary most, primary least
primary most, tertiary least
29
In what step in free radical substitution rxn free radicals combine with one another?
end reaction
initiation
propagation
termination
30
What is the role of the sunlight in the propagation?
Photocatalyst, it is recovered at the end
Reducing agent
Heat
Oxidizing agent
31
The form of the equation that describes kinetics is called the
activation energy equation
Arrhenius equation
boltzman equation
gibbs equation
32
Mechanisms are studied by Kinetics. Kinetics Question
II only
Neither I nor II
Both I and II
I only
33
Which of the following free radicals is the most stable
methyl
Benzyl
primary
secondary
34
If a reaction has a free radical in both the reactants and products, it is part of what step?
UV
propagation
termination
initiation
35
Free radical chlorination will produce monochloro derivative in the case of:
Propane
Butane
Isobutane
Neopentane
36
Chlorine under sunlight may dry your skin.
True
False
37
Which of the following equations represents the propagation step of a radical chain reaction?
•CH3 + HCl --> •CH3 + •Cl + •H
C2H6 --> •CH3 + •CH3
•CH3 + HCl --> CH3Cl + H•
•CH3 + •CH3 --> C2H6
38
What does each free radical do?
sets off a reaction
sets off an ionic reaction
sets off a chemical reaction
sets off a chain reaction
39
What are the products of the reaction between ozone and a chlorine radical?
O3 + O + ClO
O2 + ClO
O + O2 + Cl2
O2 + Cl2
40
Which hydrogen atom is the least susceptible to abstraction by free radicals
III
I
II
IV
41
What is the Gibbs Free Energy AT equilibrium
ΔG = RT ln Keq
ΔG = T ln Keq
ΔG = -RT ln Keq
ΔG =-RT ln Q
42
In the swimming pool there are no organic compounds present.
True
False
43
What does the chlorine free radical act as in the breakdown of ozone?
Is not involved
Catalyst
Reactant
Carrier compound
44
Identify the condition needed in the initiation step of free radical substitution rxn of alkane
Cl2
Nothing
radical
uv light from the Sun
45
Radicals in a liquid. What's the molecular kinetics of a liquid?
Definite volume, independent of size & shape of container
Molecules aren't in a fixed positions
Molecules are close together
All of the Above
46
Which radical intermediate is the most stable?
B
Not this one
C
A
47
The free radicals involved in the ozone destruction cycle are...?
Cl and O3
O2 and O3
Cl and ClO
ClO and O2
48
Which of these formulas CANNOT be used to calculate Gibbs Free Energy?
ΔG = -RT ln Keq
ΔG = -nFE
ΔG = xYΔZ
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
49
Which free radical would be the most stable?
I (methyl)
II (primary)
IV (tertiary)
iii (secondary)
50
Name the first step in the chlorination of methane
Initiation
Termination
Free Radical Substitution
Propagation
51
What happens in the propagation step?
free radicals are stabilized
free radicals combine with one another
free radical reacts with alkyl halide
free radical reacts with alkane
52
Freons and other pollutants react radically with
Nitrogen
Ozone
Air
Water
53
How is a free radical formed?
A lone pair of electrons
Homolytic cleavage under UV light
A very unreactive atom
IDK
54
If a reaction has a free radical in the reactants only, it is part of what step?
termination
propagation
UV
initiation
55
Gibbs Free Energy is measured in units of
kJ
kCal
J
K
56
What is Vitamin E?
Vitamin E is a vitamin that dissolves in fat.
I really Dislike Vitamin E!
I don't care about Vitamin E!
I don't know?
57
In the swimming pool free radical reactions never happen.
False
True
58
What are some other ways that the kinetics of a reaction can be followed by?
Sampling method only
Conductivity of electricity
chromatography, spectrophotometry, pH and sampling method
Conductivity of heat
59
As the term "peroxide" is used in acne meds, it can refer to which structure(s)?
ROOH
ROOR
structure in the media
Three of these choices
60
Name the type of mechanism in this reaction
Free radical substitution
Nucleophobic Substitution
Electrophilic Substitution
Nucleophilic Substitution
61
"Proactiv" contains radicals generating benzoyl peroxide
False
True
62
A reaction has two free identical radicals in the products, what step is that?
propagation
termination
initiation
UV
63
In a radical reaction of propane, the following step is an example of
termination
initiation
addition
propagation
64
Related to radicals: Vitamin E helps with _______
Protecting red blood cells from radical damage
Blood clotting factors
Regulating blood calcium levels
Keeps immune system healthy
65
Look at the graph: A to B exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic
Exothermic
Nothermic
Wavy
66
Look at the graph: B to C exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
Endothermic
Wavy
Nothermic
67
The principles of chemical kinetics deal with
the extent to which reactions occur
the heat released in a reaction
whether or not a reaction is spontaneous
how fast reactions happen and how
