Research on self-construals has shown that:

Individuals can have both independent and interdependent aspects of self.

Shared intentionality refers to:

Knowledge between individuals to work together towards a common goal.

What is a key difference between enculturation and socialization?

Socialization: rules of society, enculturation: cultural norms.

Cultural differences in sleeping arrangements for children reflect:

Different cultural values regarding independence and interdependence.

Which of these is an example of a cultural norm?

Saying "please" and "thank you".

People with an internal locus of control are more likely to:

Believe they can influence their own outcomes.

What is the purpose of cross-cultural psychology?

To understand how culture influences psychological processes.

Which of the following is a major challenge in conducting cross-cultural research?

Ensuring equivalence of meaning across cultures

A researcher finds a correlation between collectivism and life satisfaction. This means:

A relationship between collectivism and life satisfaction likely exists.

Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model has found:

General support for the universality of the five factors.

What is self-enhancement?

The tendency to view oneself in an overly positive light.

What is the "mesosystem" in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

The connections between different microsystems.

Which of these is the best example of an etic approach to studying emotion?

Investigating the universality of facial expressions of basic emotions

Cross-cultural research on attachment has shown that:

Cultural differences exist, but need for secure attachment is universal.

Mutual self-enhancement is when:

Individuals enhance each others through compliments and praise.

What is the "indigenous personality" approach?

An attempt to make personality models that are based in cultural contexts.

What is measurement equivalence in cross-cultural research?

Ensuring the measures have the same meaning and validity across cultures.

What is "self-consistency"?

The tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with one's self-concept.

To make one's own choices and act in accordance with one's own values.

What is a characteristic of an "uninvolved" parenting style?

Lack of involvement and responsiveness.

What is the difference between "personality" and "identity according to Matsumoto & Juang?

Personality refers to stable traits, identity is more fluid.

WEIRD samples in psychology are problematic because:

They are not representative of the global population

What is identity denial?

When someone is not recognized as a member of a group to which they belong.

What is locus of control?

The extent a person believes they have control over their own life.

What is a potential problem with using back translation to ensure equivalence in cross-cultural research?

It may be grammatically correct but unnatural or misleading translations.

Cultural frame switching refers to:

The ability of bicultural individuals to shift between cultural mindsets.

What is the primary goal of cross-cultural research?

To identify both universal and culture-specific psychological phenomena.

Cross-cultural research on locus of control has shown that:

Cultural differences exist in belief in internal vs. external control.

People with interdependent self-construals are more likely to:

Value harmony and fitting in with others.

Which of the following best defines "culture according to Matsumoto & Juang?

A shared system of meaning and information, transmitted across generations.

What is the primary focus of cross-cultural psychology?

Examining psychological similarities and differences across cultures.

What is "cultural relativism" in the context of personality?

The idea that personality should be understood within cultural context.

The cognitive and affective evaluation we make about ourselves.

What is the difference between an independent and interdependent self-construal?

Independent emphasize autonomy, interdependent emphasize connectedness.

The Five Factor Theory views personality as:

A combination of biological and cultural factors.

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Cross-Cultural Midterm

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Questions 50

Answers

1
Research on self-construals has shown that:
Individuals can have both independent and interdependent aspects of self.
Self-construals are fixed and unchanging.
Self-construals have no impact on behavior.
Everyone within a culture has the same self-construal.
2
Culture can be thought of as a:
Fixed entity
Shared system of meaning
Biological trait
Personality characteristic
3
Shared intentionality refers to:
Knowledge between individuals to work together towards a common goal.
Shared genetic traits among members of a cultural group.
Deliberate efforts to maintain cultural traditions.
Similar psychological processes within a cultural group.
4
What is a key difference between enculturation and socialization?
Enculturation is intentional, while socialization is not.
Socialization: rules of society, enculturation: cultural norms.
Socialization is relevant to all species, enculturation is human specific.
There is no significant difference; the terms are interchangeable.
5
Cultural differences in sleeping arrangements for children reflect:
Different cultural values regarding independence and interdependence.
Practical considerations only.
Genetic predispositions for sleep patterns.
Differences in climate and housing conditions.
6
Which of these is an example of a cultural norm?
Saying "please" and "thank you".
Having a preference for certain foods.
Experiencing emotions like joy or sadness.
Believing in a higher power.
7
People with an internal locus of control are more likely to:
Attribute events to luck or fate.
Believe they can influence their own outcomes.
Be passive and accepting of their circumstances.
Feel helpless in the face of challenges.
8
What is the purpose of cross-cultural psychology?
To prove the superiority of certain cultures.
To create a global unified culture.
To understand how culture influences psychological processes.
To eliminate cultural differences.
9
Which of the following is a major challenge in conducting cross-cultural research?
Finding participants
Ensuring equivalence of meaning across cultures
Getting funding
Analyzing data
10
A researcher finds a correlation between collectivism and life satisfaction. This means:
A relationship between collectivism and life satisfaction likely exists.
Life satisfaction causes collectivism.
There is no relationship between collectivism and life satisfaction.
Collectivism causes life satisfaction.
11
Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model has found:
That personality is entirely determined by culture.
That each culture has a completely unique set of personality traits.
General support for the universality of the five factors.
That the five factors are only relevant in Western cultures.
12
What is self-enhancement?
A sign of low self-esteem.
Accurately assessing one's strengths and weaknesses.
Putting others' needs before one's own.
The tendency to view oneself in an overly positive light.
13
What is the "mesosystem" in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
The individual's immediate surroundings (e.g. family).
Broader social institutions (e.g. government).
The connections between different microsystems.
Cultural values and beliefs.
14
Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors in the five-factor model?
Openness to experience
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Collectivism
15
Culture is considered to be a(n) _______ concept.
static
intuitive
concrete
abstract
16
Which of these is the best example of an etic approach to studying emotion?
Studying how cultural display rules influence emotional expression
Investigating the universality of facial expressions of basic emotions
Exploring the unique emotional experiences of a specific cultural group
Examining the cultural meaning of specific emotional concepts like amae
17
Cross-cultural research on attachment has shown that:
Cultural differences exist, but need for secure attachment is universal.
Attachment theory is not relevant to non-Western cultures.
Attachment styles are entirely determined by parenting practices.
Secure attachment is the only healthy form of attachment.
18
Mutual self-enhancement is when:
Individuals enhance each others through compliments and praise.
Individuals enhance their own self-esteem.
Individuals change the situation to fit their needs.
Individuals believe that all other people are kind and good.
19
Which approach emphasizes identifying contextual variables that help explain cross-cultural differences?
Ethnographic studies
Priming studies
Unpackaging studies
Equivalence studies
20
What is the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture?
Socialization
Assimilation
Enculturation
Acculturation
21
What is the "indigenous personality" approach?
A focus on universal personality traits.
A rejection of the concept of personality altogether.
An attempt to apply Western personality models to non-Western cultures.
An attempt to make personality models that are based in cultural contexts.
22
What is measurement equivalence in cross-cultural research?
Using the same research methods in every culture.
Ensuring that all participants are from the same cultural background.
Obtaining the same results in every culture.
Ensuring the measures have the same meaning and validity across cultures.
23
The concept of face is most relevant to:
Individualistic cultures
Cultures with low power distance
Western cultures
Collectivistic cultures
24
The emic perspective in cross-cultural research refers to:
An outside perspective.
Culture-specific processes
Universal psychological processes
Quantitative research methods.
25
What concept describes the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards on one's own?
Prejudice
Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism
Stereotyping
26
What is "self-consistency"?
The belief in one's ability to achieve goals.
The tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with one's self-concept.
The ability to adapt to different social situations.
The tendency to enhance one's self-esteem.
27
Which of these concepts is most closely related to the idea of cultural norms?
Cognitive styles
Self-esteem
Social expectations
Personality traits
28
Which of the following is the most important early agent of socialization in most cultures?
Media
Peers
School
Family
29
Autonomy is:
To make one's own choices and act in accordance with one's own values.
The same as independence.
The opposite of interdependence.
A purely Western value.
30
What is a characteristic of an "uninvolved" parenting style?
Lack of involvement and responsiveness.
High expectations and strict rules.
Warmth and responsiveness to the child's needs.
Flexibility and open communication.
31
What is the difference between "personality" and "identity according to Matsumoto & Juang?
They are interchangeable.
Identity refers to basic traits, personality is influenced by culture.
Personality is a Western concept, while identity is a non-Western concept.
Personality refers to stable traits, identity is more fluid.
32
WEIRD samples in psychology are problematic because:
They are not representative of the global population
They are too expensive to obtain
They are too diverse
They are too easy to work with
33
What is identity denial?
When a group pretends they don't recognize an individual.
When an individual gives themselves a new identity.
When someone is not recognized as a member of a group to which they belong.
When an individual does not recognize themself.
34
The microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory includes:
Historical events
Government policies
Cultural values and beliefs
Immediate family and peers
35
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of culture?
Values
Norms
Genetics
Beliefs
36
What is locus of control?
A measure of a person's social dominance.
The ability to control other people's behavior.
The degree to which a person is in control of their emotions.
The extent a person believes they have control over their own life.
37
What is a potential problem with using back translation to ensure equivalence in cross-cultural research?
It may be grammatically correct but unnatural or misleading translations.
It only works for languages that are closely related.
It is too time-consuming and expensive.
It is not an accepted method in cross-cultural psychology.
38
A study compares emotional expression in the US and Japan. This is an example of:
Cross-cultural comparison
An experiment
A single-culture study
An ethnographic study
39
Cultural frame switching refers to:
The process of moving to a new culture.
The process of forgetting one's original culture.
The ability of bicultural individuals to shift between cultural mindsets.
The tendency to judge other cultures based on one's own.
40
What is the primary goal of cross-cultural research?
To develop culturally specific interventions for mental disorders.
To promote cultural assimilation.
To identify both universal and culture-specific psychological phenomena.
To demonstrate the superiority of one culture over another.
41
Cross-cultural research on locus of control has shown that:
Everyone within a culture has the same locus of control.
Locus of control is unrelated to cultural values.
Cultural differences exist in belief in internal vs. external control.
It is a purely Western concept.
42
People with interdependent self-construals are more likely to:
Value harmony and fitting in with others.
Prioritize their personal goals over group goals.
Express their emotions openly.
Be resistant to social influence.
43
Which of the following best defines "culture according to Matsumoto & Juang?
A shared system of meaning and information, transmitted across generations.
The political and economic structures of a society.
The artistic and intellectual achievements of a society.
A person's racial or ethnic heritage.
44
What is the primary focus of cross-cultural psychology?
Studying individual differences within a single culture.
Examining psychological similarities and differences across cultures.
Applying psychological principles to business and marketing.
Developing universal therapies for mental disorders.
45
Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and high control?
Permissive
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Authoritative
46
A researcher who lives within a culture to study it is conducting:
Ethnographic research
An experiment
A correlational study
A survey
47
What is "cultural relativism" in the context of personality?
The idea that all personality traits are universal.
The idea that personality is entirely determined by genetics.
The idea that personality should be understood within cultural context.
The idea that Western personality theories can be applied to all cultures.
48
Self-esteem is:
A purely Western concept.
The same as self-concept.
Unrelated to cultural values.
The cognitive and affective evaluation we make about ourselves.
49
What is the difference between an independent and interdependent self-construal?
Independent emphasize autonomy, interdependent emphasize connectedness.
Independent self-construals are more common in collectivistic cultures.
There is no significant difference; the terms are interchangeable.
Interdependent self-construals are more common in Western cultures.
50
The Five Factor Theory views personality as:
Shaped solely by early childhood experiences.
Biologically determined.
A combination of biological and cultural factors.
Socially constructed.

Cross-Cultural Midterm Flashcards | StudBud