SMS 321 Exam 1

A fish or fish species that spend most of their lives in fresh water then migrate to the sea to breed.

K-selected species are slow-growing, mature slowly, long-lived, iteroparous, & evolve in stable environments.

A system of interconnected feeding relationships or food chains.

Tuna are caught using

_______ data collected by scientists using long-term resource monitoring projects known as fishery-independent surveys.

Change in the birth and death rate of a population as a result of changes in population density.

Which of these are NOT a Key-History Trait?

Fishery independent monitoring programs usually target multiple species &_____

Clupeoids are known to travel in schools, this makes them vulnerable to _______

According to the US commercial landings, which species group has the highest value?

The aggregate weight of a given fish group (e.g., stock biomass) or the sum of weights of individuals in a fish stock.

What rules have been implemented within scallop commercial fisheries to prevent overfishing?

Abundance changes/structure of population ( size/age/structure) from the interactions of recruitment/growth/mortality.

Geographically delineated fishery resource based on practical/jurisdictional boundaries for stock assessment/management

Wind pushes surface water away from shore so deep, nutrient-rich water surfaces which leads to higher production rates.

The largest class of mollusks. These include species like queen conch, abalone, and sea snails.

Occur when fish stocks aren't completely isolated and there is some spatial overlap in fish stocks for a period of time.

Involves the synthesis of many specific fields of study (genetics, chemistry, tagging) to define fish stock structure.

a quantitative measure of fishing pressure, usually the amount of time and fishing power used to harvest fish.

What is caught & returned to the sea unused & may be either alive or dead.

Mean trophic level of catches in global fisheries is declining.

94% of US Atlantic shark landings include: spiney & smooth dogfish, Gulf of Mexico blacktip, Atlantic sharpnose & _____

Oceanic pelagic fish reside below the continental shelf while coastal pelagic fish reside above it.

Microscopic organisms at the ocean surface & get energy using photosynthesis & eating nitrates/phosphates/sulfur.

Demersal fish of cooler waters include:

Habitats can support greater biomasses of animals at lower trophic levels than at a higher trophic level.

Fish that inhabit the water column (pelagic zone) of coasts, open oceans, and lakes.

Exploited fishery unit, biological population, a metapopulation or comprise portions of these units.

The ability of a gear to catch a certain size or kind of fish relative to its ability to catch other sizes or kinds.

Data collected from fishery-independent monitoring programs include ______

A cone-shaped net towed on the seabed and designed to catch fish living on or near the seabed.

Fish that migrate between freshwater and saltwater include both anadromous and catadromous fish.

The number of individuals in a population, a portion of the population (such as a year class), or a sample.

Microscopic animals like young krill, sea snails, pelagic worms, etc. They consume phytoplankton & its own species.

Brings together marine biology/ecology, mathematics/statistics, population dynamics to understand fishery management.

Stationary structures where fish are guided/pushed by the current or drawn into the gear by bait or other attractants.

Dredges are NOT designed to fish for Oysters, Scallops, Clams, Mussels, & Crabs

Producing offspring more than once during its lifetime.

Class of mollusks like cockles, clams, oysters,mussels, & scallops. Have 2 shells joined dorsally by ligament hinge.

Which model assumptions aren't shared and only belong to logistical growth models?

A diverse group of invertebrates, mainly aquatic arthropods/decapods like shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters, & crayfish

Sardines, herring, sprats, & pilchards are considered Clupeoids & coastal pelagic fish, while (anchovies) are not.

Why is stock structure important?

Hook-and-line gear where hooks are connected to branchlines attached to a long horizontal mainline at certain intervals.

Crustacean fisheries are managed using size & gear requirements, seasonal limits/closures,quotas, limited access.

Self-sustaining group of individuals from a single species whose dynamics are determined by birth and death processes.

A dredge dragged across the sea floor, scraping or penetrating the bottom.

Small-scale/cheap/labor-intense fishery where catch is used locally & caught with seines/gillnets/scoop nets

Population expansion decreases as resources become scarce/level off when the carrying capacity is reached.

Reproducing or breeding only once in a lifetime.

Fish that live on or near the sea floor.

Fishery‐dependent data forms the basis of stock assessments by describing the: Catch (or removals) Fishing effort

Recreational Catch Surveys are conducted as small samples or large samples. The term for small sample surveys is:

Many sessile mollusks live in shallow water and are vulnerable to overexploitation.

Stationary nets include gill nets, trammel nets, drift gill nets & _______

Handlining is carried out with one or more baited(natural or artificial) hooks attached to a singleline.

The species/population of individuals to which fishing effort will be applied.

There is a large INCREASE in the total biomass of organisms at each succeeding trophic level.

Demersal/Reef fishes of warmer waters include:

The ability of organisms to survive and reproduce in the environment in which they find themselves.

Surrounding nets include:

Area of sea 200 nautical miles from coastlines/reefs, in which a close country has control of natural resources.

Which of these is the definition of passive gear, NOT active gear?

Globally, we can categorize capture fisheries into 3 groups known as:

The number or weight of fish brought to dock(commercial) or shore (recreational).

Recreational Catch Surveys are conducted as small samples or large samples. The term for large sample surveys is:

Where does the highest amount of primary productivity occur?

What are the basics of population growth?

What keeps species from having optimal life histories in which survivorship & fertility are maximum for all age classes?

Exponential Growth only occurs in the case of unlimited space, food, and resources.

Most fished: anchovy, AK pollock, skipjack/yellowfin tuna, Atlantic herring/cod, whiting, mackerel & largehead hairtail

Small, calcium carbonate structures located in the inner ear of fish. Used to find fish age and stock identification.

K-selected species are fast-growing, mature quickly, short-lived, semelparous, & evolve in a variety of environments.

When the habitat reached maximum population equilibrium and the number of deaths in a population equals the births.

Exponential growth model makes the following assumptions:

Examples of oceanic (off-shore) pelagic fish include: Tuna, Swordfish, mackerel, & ______

System of interacting biological populations that show independence in local population dynamics and with subpopulations

Logistic Growth defines that populations can't grow indefinitely because resources will run out: food, space, etc.

What methods are used to identify a stock?

A class of mollusks that includes species of octopus, squids, cuttlefishes, and chambered nautiluses.

Total number/weight of fish captured, including all fish retained & discarded (unintentional removals of a species)

Formation of new biomass by a given group of organisms in a unit of time.

A self-sustaining group of individuals whose dynamics are primarily determined by birth and death processes.

A fish or fish species that spends portions of its life cycle in both fresh and salt waters.

Proportion of resource production converted into consumer production.

A fishing method that uses towednets to catch fish and other marine species living on or close to the seabed.

Where the boat tows a line(s) with 1 or more hooks with bait/lure onto to target fish swimming near the surface.

Methods used to estimate discard mortality include viability assessment, captive observation, tagging & _____

List the order (from top to bottom) of the trophic levels within the food pyramid.

Sampling is often used to represent a “population,” a ______ is more reliable, but expensive and time consuming.

Growth without limits. Exponential population growth only occurs in the case of unlimited space, food, and resources.

Life History Theory says that organisms evolve to balance the energy of reproducing & surviving to reproduce repeatedly.

In tropical areas, inshore fish are MORE diverse but are LOWER in abundance.

Demersal fish include: Alaska pollock, Blue whiting, Largehead hairtail & ______

When an increase in fitness due to a change in one trait is opposed by a decrease in fitness in the second trait.

Sampling designs include fixed, random, stratified random, systematic, & _____