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2020 AP Psych Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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2020 AP Psych Exam Review
2020 AP Psych Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
2
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
3
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
4
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
5
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
6
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
7
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
8
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
9
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
10
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
11
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
12
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
13
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
14
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
15
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
16
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
episodic
fluid
17
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
18
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
19
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
20
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
21
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
22
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
23
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
24
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
logical reasoning
physical interaction
25
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
26
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
27
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
saturation
color
28
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
29
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
30
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
31
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
32
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
33
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
oral
latency
34
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
35
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
36
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
37
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
38
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
39
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
40
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
41
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
physiological recordings
42
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
43
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
44
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
45
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
46
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
47
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
48
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
49
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
50
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
51
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
action potentials
antagonists
52
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
53
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
conventional
54
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
55
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
56
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
57
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
58
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
script
semantic network
59
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
60
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
61
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
62
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
63
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
64
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
65
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
standard deviation
66
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
67
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
68
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
69
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
70
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
71
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
72
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
73
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
fear
sadness
74
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
75
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
76
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
77
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
reiteration
recognition
78
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
79
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
drive theory
instinct theory
80
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
sensory
81
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
82
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
83
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
84
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
85
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
mental age
86
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
87
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
88
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a narcotic
89
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
90
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
91
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
92
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
93
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
94
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
95
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
96
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
97
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test scales
test norms
98
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mean
mode
99
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
100
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
closure
similiarity
constancy
