stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
APES - Earth Systems Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
APES - Earth Systems
APES - Earth Systems
100 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
26 plays
AP Environmental Science review covering Earth Systems.
Flashcards
100 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
100
Answers
1
What type of irrigation is b/w 90-95% efficient and delivers water to individual plant roots?
LEPA Center pivot
Drip Irrigation
Rotary systems
Gravity Flow
2
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with widespread use of desalination?
High cost due to expensive energy needed for removing salt.
Huge amounts of salty wastewater produced.
Need for large pipes and chemicals, which kills marine life
All of these options are problems regarding desalination.
3
All of the following can cause tsunamis except:
When the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
When certain types of faults in ocean floor move up or down
All of these can cause tsunamis.
A landslide caused by an earthquake
4
Which of the following is NOT true regarding perennial crops?
They can live for many years without having to be replanted.
They are better adapted to regional soil than annuals.
There is no need to till the soil.
Perennials result in more soil erosion than annuals.
5
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of upwelling?
Usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas.
Occurs when cold water is pushed away & warm water rises.
During El Nino, it is reduced along the Peruvian coast.
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to ocean's surface.
6
What is sedimentary rock?
Forms when rock undergoes high temperatures or pressures.
Examples include sandstone, shale, slate, and marble.
Forms below or on earth's surface when lava cools.
Made of dead plant and animal remains and weathered rocks.
7
What are the most widely used nonmetallic minerals?
Sand and limestone.
Sand and phosphate salts.
Phosphate salts and gravel.
Sand and gravel.
8
What type of irrigation usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river? (<80% effic.)
Rotary System
Gravity Flow
Drip Irrigation
Center Pivot
9
What is the major benefit of having a healthy ozone layer?
It prevents most UV-B from reaching earth's surface.
It prevents UV-C from reaching earth's surface.
It blocks all harmful waves of radiation.
It prevents both UV-B and UV-C from reaching earth.
10
All of the following are characteristics of the formation of oceanic gyres except:
They move clockwise in the N. Hemisphere
They bring cool air to coastline, warm air to continents
They form when water moves direction of prevailing winds
They move cold water from the poles to the equator.
11
What is an earthquake?
Shaking caused by fracturing of divergent plate boundary
Shaking caused by formation of convergent plates
When energy suddenly forms and causes underground vibrations
Shaking of ground caused by fracturing/displacement of rock
12
All of the following describe a
source zone
except:
Where headwaters are usually shallow, cold, clear, and swift
Most of the plants are algae and mosses attached to rocks.
Water tumbles downward over obstacles, dissolving O2
Populated by warm-water fish needing dissolved oxygen.
13
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Colorado River?
Water from the river supports cities in desert-like climate.
It has experienced prolonged drought since 1999.
Its water is used to produce about 1% of all US crops
Little from the river reaches the sea due to overuse.
14
All of the following describe air circulation cells except:
They are caused by the Coriolis effect.
Global air circulation patterns caused by uneven heating.
They are also known as ENSO.
They include, from equator to poles: Hadley, Ferrel, Polar.
15
Which of the following describe volcanic hotspots? (Click all that apply).
They are created by anomalous volcanism
They are places within the mantle where magma is generated.
An example is the Hawaiian volcanoes within the Pac. Plate
They are located along the Pacific Plate boundaries
16
Which of the following would conserve soil?
Monocultures
Aquifer depletion
Soil salinization
High-yield polyculture
17
A soil with 30% clay, 50% sand, and 20% silt is called:
Loamy Sand
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
18
What is the lithosphere?
The combination of both the crust and the outer mantle.
It includes only the continental and oceanic crusts.
It consists only of the layer above the asthenosphere.
It is the outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
19
Which of the following are characteristics of the rock cycle?
It plays a major role in forming concentrated deposits
Rocks are broken down, melted, fused together and heated.
It involves, in order: erosion, weathering, transportation.
It is the slowest of the earth's cyclic processes.
20
What is the atmosphere?
Blanket of gases that increases in pressure with altitude.
A thin blanket of gases surround earth, divided into layers.
A thick blanket of gases consisting of spherical layers.
A blanket of gases with a homogeneous density of molecules.
21
All of the following describe a
transition zone
except:
The water can be more turbid from suspended sediment.
Main streams merge to form wider, deeper, warmer streams
The water is faster flowing, and has more DO.
More fish species with lower O2 demand are supported.
22
Which indirect effect directly impacts seasons?
The earth's rotation and its tilt of 23.5 degrees.
The rotation of the earth around the sun.
Differences in solar intensity and day length.
The angle of the moon.
23
Please list the different concentric zones of the earth, starting from the inner-most layer.
Crust, asthenosphere, mantle, core
Asthenosphere, crust, mantle, core
Core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust
Core, asthenosphere, mantle, crust
24
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a shield volcano?
Very small; less than 300m high
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; explosive
Steep conical hill with straight sides; explosive
Very gentle slopes; convex upward; quiet; fluid lava flows
25
Which one of the following does NOT describe characteristics of the earth's core?
It is extremely hot and has a solid inner part.
It is the zone of hot, partly-melted rock that flows.
It is surrounded by a liquid core of molten/semisolid matter
It is the earth's innermost zone.
26
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of floods?
Recharge groundwater & help refill wetlands.
Support biodiversity & aquatic ecological services.
Kill thousands of people and cause much property damage.
Create and deposit nutrient-rich silt in floodplains.
27
Chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina were known for their work regarding
Climate change caused excess atmospheric CO2.
Persistent CFCs and how they destroy protective ozone.
CFCs and how they destroy "good" ozone in troposphere.
Climate change caused by lingering CFC propellants.
28
What is a tributary?
A smaller river flowing into a smaller one.
A smaller stream flowing into a
A smaller river/stream flowing into a larger river or lake.
Areas nearest the river's course that are often flooded.
29
All of the following describe internal geologic processes except:
Processes that build up the earth's surface
Processes generated by heat from the earth's interior
Processes driven directly or indirectly by solar energy.
Processes that may form mountains and volcanoes.
30
What is a rock?
It is made only of sediments.
A concentration of naturally occurring material from crust.
A solid combination of one or more minerals found in crust.
Contains large enough concentrations of a profitable mineral
31
Which of the following regarding tectonic plates is true?
They do not cause/form mountains, volcanoes, or earthquakes.
Continental plates usually ride below oceanic plates.
Tectonic plates' boundaries are not active at the surface.
Much geologic activity at the surface occurs at boundaries
32
What is climate? (Click all that apply).
An area's general pattern of atmospheric conditions
Weather patterns of the last week averaged together.
General patterns that occur over at least 3 decades
Short-term atmospheric conditions that change often
33
All of the following are characteristics of a Love wave except:
It is a surface wave that moves like S waves.
It moves the ground from side to side at right angles.
It rolls like ocean waves, up-down and sideways
It is very damaging to the foundations of structures.
34
All of the following are characteristics of the stratosphere except:
It contains less matter than the troposphere
Its concentration of ozone is extremely low.
Extends about 17 to 48 km above earth's surface.
It volume of water vapor is 1/1000 that of the troposphere.
35
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding earth's water composition?
Glaciers and ice caps make up 68.7% of the freshwater.
Groundwater makes up 30.1% of earth's freshwater.
The atmosphere contains 3% of the surface freshwater.
Ground ice & permafrost hold only 30% of surface freshwater
36
What is foliation?
Ability of a mineral to break, when struck, along directions
The texture of metamorphic rocks due to alignment & pressure
Scratchability, or hardness, of
The ratio of mass of substance to mass of volume of water
37
What are trade winds? (Choose all that apply).
Pattern of easterly surface winds in the tropics
In N. Hemisphere: N to E; in S. Hemisphere: S. to E
They form the Ferrel cells
Surface winds that blow East to West
38
A crown fire recently broke out in Fremont, destroying many trees. What is a valid projection?
Another fire will break out soon.
Soil erosion will decrease due to new plants after the fire.
Soil erosion will increase b/c of the lack of trees.
It will start raining more in the area for compensation
39
When does desertification occur? (Choose all that apply).
When forest fires prevent erosion from occurring.
When deforestation allows for more annual plants to grow.
When overgrazing and deforestation reduce/degrade topsoil.
When productive potential of topsoil falls by >10%
40
What is biological extinction?
The destruction of an entire ecosystem.
The disappearance of a population, or group of organisms.
The complete disappearance of a species from the earth.
The depletion of a commercially-valuable species.
41
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a cinder cone volcano?
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
Very gentle slopes; convex upward.
Very large, approx. 1-10km in diameter.
Steep conical hill with straight sides.
42
Please list the layers of the atmosphere in order (starting from layer nearest to surface).
Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere
Troposp., Stratosp., Mesosphere, Thermosp., Exosphere
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
43
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Ogallala Aquifer in the United States?
It lies under 8 midwestern states
It is the world's largest known aquifer.
It has forced the Great Plains to become a barren farmland.
It supplies about 1/3 of all groundwater in the USA.
44
About 75-80% of the earth's air mass is found in the
Stratosphere
Thermosphere
Troposphere
Exosphere
45
Describe the process in which stratospheric ozone forms.
Oxygen in the troposphere interacts with UV radiation.
Oxygen molecules in the stratosphere interact with UV
Oxygen reacts with UV to form photochemical smog.
Oxygen molecules interact with particulate matter
46
Which of the following describe an El Niño effect (see image below)?
I, II, III, and IV.
I, II, IV only
I, II, III only.
I and II only.
47
All of the following are ways in which metamorphic rock forms except:
When rock is subjected to high temperatures
When preexisting rock is subjected to high pressures
When animal and plant remains are deposited in layers.
When chemically active fluids reform preexisting rocks.
48
Where do active volcanoes occur?
Where lava reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack.
Where magma reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack
Never along plate boundaries.
Only in hotspots, such as Hawaii.
49
Which of the following describe the Ring of Fire?
All of preceding options are correct.
Located at edges of Pacific Ocean, at plate boundaries.
It is where about 90% of all earthquakes occur.
String of volcanoes and seismic activity sites
50
What is mass extinction?
When global changes occur in climactic conditions.
The extinction of many species in a relatively short period
When an existing species outcompetes another.
When a single species can no longer be found on Earth.
51
All of the following are characteristic of floodplain zones except:
Streams join into wider, deeper rivers
Fairly large populations are usually supported.
Water has higher temperatures and less dissolved oxygen
Water is never muddy, and contains low amounts of silt.
52
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding water on the earth?
Salty oceans contain 97% of the earth's water.
Salty oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface.
Interconnected oceans cover 90% of earth's ocean hemisphere
Freshwater systems cover over 2.2% of the earth's surface.
53
All of the following are characteristics of an S wave except:
They are a slower type of secondary wave
it shears rock sideways at right angles
Not very damaging to structures.
It cannot propagate in the liquid parts of the earth
54
What is high-grade ore?
It is not as profitable as low-grade ore.
Identified resources from which we can extract minerals
It contains a large concentration of the desired mineral.
It contains a small concentration of the desired mineral.
55
Which of the following is not an effect of El Nino?
Droughts in southern Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia
Hurricanes in Hawaii, Brazil, and Ecuador.
Flooding in Bolivia, Ecuador, Northern Peru, and Cuba.
Hurricanes in Tahiti and Hawaii.
56
All of the following are characteristics of P waves except:
They are fastest type of wave
They can travel through both solid rock and liquid material.
It moves like sound waves (spreads out, compresses, dilutes)
It shears rock sideways at right angles
57
The largest circulation of water on earth is a direct result of changes in:
Temperature and wind patterns.
Temperature and salinity.
Wind patterns and salinity.
Temperature and precipitation
58
What type of boundary forms when oceanic plates slide & grind past one another along fractures?
A subduction zone
A transform fault
Oceanic ridges
A trench boundary
59
What are/were CFCs used for?
Cleaners for electric parts such as computer chips
Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
Propellants in aerosol spray cans
All of the following are/were uses for CFCs.
60
List examples of the following, in order: sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, igneous rock.
Bituminous coal; marble; granite
Granite; slate; dolomite
Dolomite; granite; marble
Lava rock; marble; lignite
61
Which soil horizon(s) contain(s) most of a soil's inorganic matter? (Choose all that may apply)
A Horizon
C Horizon
R Horizon
B Horizon
62
Which of the following are examples of ozone-depleting chemicals (indicate all that apply).
Methyl bromide (fumigant) and hydrogen chloride
Carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, n-propyl bromide
Halons and HBFCs (used in fire extinguishers).
Hexachlorobutadiene
63
Which of the following statements regarding freshwater is NOT true?
Water is a well-managed & appreciated resource.
Only about 0.024% of all water is readily available to us.
It is one of the most important forms of natural capital.
1/6 people do not have sufficient access to clean water
64
What is natural recharge?
Natural restoration of valuable resources such as trees.
Natural replenishment of a watershed in a sensitive area.
Natural replenishment of an aquifer by precipitation.
Natural process of restoring nitrates into soil.
65
What is the Tectonic Cycle?
Climate change, geographic barriers, extinction, & volcanoes
Theory that lithosphere made up of plates that always move.
Sum of methods that build up & break down the asthenosphere
Sum of processes that build up & break down the lithosphere
66
All of the following are benefits of volcanic eruptions except:
They reduce the loss of human life.
They form lakes (e.g. Crater Lake)
The weathering of lava contributes to fertile soil.
They form majestic mountains
67
What is weathering?
When acid deposition quickly breaks down monuments.
The different processes that break down rocks into soil.
Internal processes that build up the earth's surface.
The climactic changes in weather.
68
What are inland wetlands?
Lands away from the coast covered in water for a short time
They are always seasonal wetlands.
Lands located away from coastal areas covered in freshwater.
Lands near coastal areas covered in salty water.
69
Why does climate vary in different parts of the earth?
Global air circulation patterns distribution
All of the options are correct reasons.
Ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly.
Uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun.
70
Which of the following does NOT involve the iron catastrophe?
Silicon and oxygen were moved to form the mantle and crust.
When iron flowed toward the interior because of gravity.
When the melting point of iron was reached.
When heavy elements such as Al and Na moved to the core.
71
Several volcanoes have erupted in Fremont since 2010. What is a plausible prediction?
A decrease in the amount of air pollution.
A decrease in the amount of sulfur in the air.
A volcanic winter.
A volcanic summer.
72
Which of the following is NOT a reason why some consider a projected extinction rate of 1% low?
Current rates in certain areas are already much higher.
We continue to eliminate biologically diverse environments.
Rates are likely to increase sharply in the next century.
Extinction rates were completely miscalculated.
73
Which of the following is NOT true regarding nutrient cycling in tropical rain forests?
The nutrients sit within the bedrock.
Decaying matter is processed quickly b/c of many decomposers
The majority of nutrients are locked up in vegetation.
Nutrient uptake by plants is improved by fungi.
74
What are estuaries?
Unproductive ecosystems with low nutrient levels.
Harsh coastal ecosystems with only occasional water changes
When rivers meet the sea, mixing water as well as nutrients
Coastal land areas covered with water all/part of the year.
75
What are aquatic life zones? (Choose all that apply).
Saltwater and freshwater portions of the biosphere
They include only lakes, rivers, streams.
They are portions that are able to support life.
They only contain oceans, bays and estuaries.
76
Which of the following describe La Niña?
Usually causes with warm ocean temperatures in Pacific Ocean
Occurs along the tropical west coast of South America.
Climate pattern that describes cooling of surface waters
Usually causes cooler than normal temperatures.
77
What is a watershed?
Upper surface of the zone of saturation.
Land area that delivers water & sediment to a major stream.
The saturation of soil with water, flooding the water table.
Rough measure of volume of water we use to support ourselves
78
The roots of most plants and the majority of a soil's organic matter are concentrated in:
The O horizon only.
The O horizon and A horizon
The A horizon and E horizon
The A horizon and B horizon
79
Which of the following are true regarding the process of desalination? (Select all that apply).
Methods include distillation and reverse osmosis.
It does not involve using chemicals to sterilize water.
It involves removing dissolved salts from ocean/salty water.
Saudi Arabia gets ~70% of its drinking water from it.
80
What is the Coriolis effect? (Choose all that may apply).
Occurs due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
The apparent curvature of global winds and ocean currents.
It is the weakest at the poles, strongest at equator.
The effect is strongest at the poles, nonexistent at equator
81
What natural services do inland wetlands provide? (Choose all that may apply).
Natural recharge of groundwater aquifers.
Maintaining biodiversity by providing habitats.
Reducing flooding, erosion, and overflows.
Filtering and degrading toxic wastes and pollutants.
82
Which of the following correctly lists, by (%), the present-day composition of the atmosphere?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, Water vapor, trace gases
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, CO2, water vapor, trace gases
CO2, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, trace gases.
Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, argon, water vapor, trace gases
83
All of the following are characteristics of Rayleigh waves except:
Move both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane.
It travels faster than Love waves.
It travels like rolling ocean waves.
Do not produce perpendicular or transverse waves
84
What is salinity?
The measure of turbidity and salt averaged together.
The measure of salinity and its impact on turbidity.
The measure of dissolved salt in water in general.
The measure of dissolved salt in oceanic water.
85
All of the following are characteristics of a mineral except:
May have a regularly repeating internal atomic arrangement
Occurs naturally in the earth's crust as crystalline solid
It is an element or inorganic ompound
Contains large enough concentration of particular mineral
86
Two examples of igneous rock include:
Sandstone and shale
Lava rock and granite
Limestone and lignite
Marble and slate
87
Describe the process that forms oceanic ridges.
When continental plates move apart, causing magma to rise.
When oceanic plates move apart, magma flows through cracks.
When two oceanic plates collide.
When plates slide and grind past one another.
88
Briefly describe the process of subduction.
Continental crust rides over and pushes down oceanic plate.
When oceanic plates move apart, creating ocean ridges.
When oceanic and continental plates collide and rise up.
Oceanic plate rides over and pushes continental into mantle.
89
All of the following are characteristics of a stratovolcano except:
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
large, approx. 1-10 km in diameter
Explosive; numerous layers of lava
Very quiet; volcanic materials consist of cinders.
90
What type of irrigation uses underground water sprayed from mobile booms with sprinklers?
Gravity Flow
Rotary System
Drip Irrigation
Center Pivot
91
Which of the following events are capable of causing mudslides? (Choose all that apply).
Earthquakes
Droughts
Heavy rains
Volcanic eruptions
92
What is seafloor spreading?
When lava pushes & spreads seafloor u from subsurface.
Formation of new ocean crust as result of magma pushing up.
Spreading of ocean crust solely due to earthquakes.
Movement & spreading of ocean crust above continental crust.
93
What are Hadley cells? (Choose all that apply).
Where air rises at equator and sinks at medium latitudes.
Large scale atmospheric convection cells
Convection currents that cycle N & S of the poles.
They involve the prevailing westerlies.
94
What is the focus of an earthquake?
Located where an earthquake ends.
Located above the surface.
Located directly above epicenter
Place where an earthquake begins, below surface.
95
Which of the following are characteristics of atmospheric pressure? (Check all that apply)
It is the force caused by the bombardment of molecules
Would be weakest at sea level.
It is the force, or mass, per unit area of a column of air.
Decreases with altitude.
96
Volcanoes spew ash into the air, causing a volcanic winter. This is an example of what?
Negative feedback (more ash, less cold penetrating surface)
Positive feedback (more ash, greater heating of surface).
Negative feedback (more ash, greater albedo effect)
A positive feedback loop (more ash, weaker albedo effect)
97
What is weather? (Click all that may apply).
Includes several factors in a given area over a short period
The general pattern of atmospheric conditions over time.
A set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere
The averaged conditions of a given area over much time.
98
How is the thermohaline conveyor belt driven by changes in both temperature and salinity?
It is driven by the resulting changes in density of water
It is driven by changes in air pressure.
It is driven by the amount of species capable surviving.
It is driven by temperature only.
99
What are tectonic plates?
The flows of energy and heated material in convection cells.
Areas of the lithosphere that move slowly around the mantle.
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
A zone of hot, melted rock that flows like plastic.
100
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas fault
Convergent; divergent; transform
Transform; convergent; divergent
Divergent; transform; convergent
Divergent; convergent; transform
