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Test 1 Research Methods Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Test 1 Research Methods Review
Test 1 Research Methods Review
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1
A researcher reads an explanation of kid’s problem-solving strategies and makes a study to see if it's correct. Which?
Basic research
Systematic research
Necessary research
Applied research
2
Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis?
Increased sugar consumption leads to an increased level of activity.
Smaller class size is related to better academic performance.
There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.
A person’s level of self-esteem is related to how hard they try on a task.
3
Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source?
Author may describe results incorrectly & source has no details of method
Author of the primary source may describe research results incorrectly
There's no danger, you can rely on primary sources for accurate information
Primary sources do not contain the details of methodology required
4
Counting the # of times a student leaves their seat w/out permission during 30-min observation period is an example of:
Self-report
Physiological
Survey
Behavioral
5
What is an interval scale?
What is your eye color? - Brown, Blue, Green, Hazel, or Other
Select what time you wake up. - 12pm-12am
How much do you weigh? - 0-350 lbs
How are you feeling? - Great, Good, Fine, Bad, or Awful
6
Which is an example of an ordinal scale?
Select what time you wake up. - 12pm-12am
What is your eye color? - Brown, Blue, Green, Hazel, or Other
How are you feeling? - Great, Good, Fine, Bad, or Awful
How much do you weigh? - 0-350 lbs
7
Which is an example of a pseudoscience?
Psychology
Chemistry
Astrology
Biology
8
Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB?
Decide whether it's necessary to have a signed informed consent form
Decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable
Decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants is protected
All of the above
9
Which is not a secondary source?
Magazine Article about Psychology
Empirical Journal Article
Textbook
Meta-analysis
10
Which of the following describes participants taking on the negativistic subject role?
They try to act so that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis
They try to act so that their data are consistent with the hypothesis
They try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions
They're concerned that their performance will be used to evaluate them
11
Which is an example of a ratio scale?
How are you feeling? - Great, Good, Fine, Bad, or Awful
How much do you weigh? - 0-350 lbs
What is your eye color? - Brown, Blue, Green, Hazel, or Other
Select what time you wake up. - 12pm-12am
12
Research shows that the longer kids watch educational TV in preschool, the higher their grades. What's the relationship?
Positive
Negative
Coincidental
Cause-and-effect
13
What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
Whether the measurements are the same or different
None of the above
The direction of the differences
The size of the differences
14
Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience?
Pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack.
Pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results.
Pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results.
All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience.
15
A teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used?
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
16
The 3 Goals of Science are Description, Explanation, and Prediction
False
True
17
Which is a poor operational definition?
Spirituality - How often one goes to Catholic Church
Stress - Test score from Stress Inventory
Happiness - How often someone smiles
Hunger - Number of Times Stomach Growls
18
Which would be a primary source?
Textbook on Psychology
Literature Review
Magazine Article
A published research report
19
How would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified?
Applied research
Necessary research
Systematic research
Basic research
20
What is meant by saying that “science is objective”?
Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.
Scientific answers are obtained without influence by researcher’s biases.
Scientific answers are based on logical reasoning.
Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
21
Which describes a negative relationship between variables?
Two measures change in opposite directions; one goes up and one goes down
There is a negative connotation to the variables in the study
Two measures go the same way on a graph
22
Using anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive texts during class is an example of:
Self-report
Survey
Behavioral
Physiological
23
Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone # of a restaurant by googling the name?
Method of authority
Scientific method
Method of empiricism
Rational method
24
Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is using which measurement?
Survey
Behavioral
Self-report
Physiological
25
Researchers treating the control and experimental groups differently is:
Bias Blind Spot
Experimenter Bias
Double Blind Bias
26
Which describes a positive relationship between variables?
People who score low on one measure score low on the other
All of these
People who score high on one measure score high on the other
Two measurements change together in the same direction
27
What is typically included in the introduction section of a research article?
It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.
It provides interpretation of the findings.
It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research.
It includes the results of statistical analyses.
28
What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?
Predictive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Scientific reasoning
Inductive reasoning
29
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism?
Using someone else’s ideas without giving them credit
All of the above are examples of plagiarism
Paraphrasing someone else’s words without giving them credit
Copying someone else’s words without giving them credit
30
How can you reduce bias in a study?
All of these
Make it double-blind
Randomly select sample
Use multiple raters
31
Which is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question?
Results section
Discussion section
Abstract
Title
32
A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method?
Method of authority
Rational method
Method of empiricism
Scientific method
33
Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement?
Different measures may be found in same conditions if artifact wasn't there
The artifact may provide an alternative explanation for the results
None of the other options accurately describes the threat
The measurements may be distorted by the artifact
34
A study is done in which 50 students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are:
research participants.
research subjects.
research associates.
research cohorts.
35
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition?
All of the other options are disadvantages
The operational definition may have too many extra parts unrelated
The operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of a construct
The operational definition may leave out important parts of the construct
36
A hypothesis is a __________ statement and a prediction is a __________ statement.
general; general
specific; general
specific; specific
general; specific
37
Which method of knowing is used by a student who believes that his test score is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?
The method of tenacity
The method of empiricism
The method of authority
The method of faith
38
Which is not a principle identified in the Belmont Report?
The principle of beneficence
The principle of justice
The principle of respect for persons (autonomy)
The principle of informed consent
39
Which is an example of a nominal scale?
What is your eye color? - Brown, Blue, Green, Hazel, or Other
How much do you weigh? - 0-350 lbs
How are you feeling? - Great, Good, Fine, Bad, or Awful
Select what time you wake up. - 12pm-12am
40
Which describes inter-rater reliability?
There is a degree of agreement between independent observers
A scientist checks the other's work & says the 1st person is reliable
Two raters must find the exact same results to be reliable
41
Which of the following is typical of quantitative research?
It uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results.
All of the above.
It involves measuring variables for each individual.
It usually involves numerical scores.
42
While shopping, you observe the behavior of teens at the mall and get ideas about what is causing the behavior. This is:
casual observation.
theory.
secondhand information.
systematic observation.
43
If a researcher explains a study using confusing language to participants, which guideline is violated?
Anonymity
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Preventing harm
44
What does it mean that your hypothesis is testable?
It can be proven or disproven
You can run an experiment on it
Tests can tell you if it worked
45
What term is used for a variable that can't be observed or measured directly but can describe and explain behavior?
Construct
Theoretical variable
Operational variable
Hypothetical variable
46
Which of the following is a responsibility for the IRB but is not mentioned in the responsibilities for the IACUC?
Minimizing risk of harm to those participating in research
Insuring that researchers are qualified
Review of research proposals
Insuring informed consent
47
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between validity and reliability?
If a measurement is reliable, then it also must be valid.
Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
Measurement cannot be reliable unless it is valid.
None of the above is an accurate description.
48
What is the goal of an operational definition?
Simply to provide a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
Simply to provide a definition of a hypothetical construct
None of the other options describe the purpose of an operational definition
49
Basic and Applied Research are on a Continuum
True
False
50
What questions should you ask when reading an introduction to a research article?
Does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis?
Is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed?
Is the literature review up-to-date?
All of the above
51
What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?
Medical research with humans
Medical research with animals
Psychological research with animal subjects
Psychological research with humans
52
The first step in the research process is
selecting a research strategy
deciding which individuals should participate in the study
identifying topic area and searching literature to find a research question
forming a hypothesis
53
Which of the following is not a safeguard against fraud?
The consequences of being found guilty of fraud
Potential replication of the research
Careful review by the IRB
Peer review of the research report
54
Guidelines for nonhuman subjects are similar to those for human participants but also include extra provisions on what?
Housing
Medical care
All of the above
Daily maintenance
55
Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement?
Different measurements may be obtained under the same conditions w/out it
The measurements may be distorted by the artifact
The artifact may provide an alternative explanation for the results
None of the other options accurately describes the threat
56
Which of the following is a brief summary of a psychology article?
Author name
Key word
Synopsis
Abstract
57
Jack is tall enough to ride a coaster. Tim knows that he's taller, so he knows that he can ride. Which method of knowing
Scientific method
Method of empiricism
Method of authority
Rational method
58
What is typically included in the method section of a research article?
It provides interpretation of the findings
It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research
It includes the results of statistical analyses
It provides the details of the methodology used in the study
59
Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of “No Harm”?
Respect
Justice
None of the Belmont principles corresponds to “No Harm.”
Beneficence
60
You can plagiarize yourself
False
True
61
For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer?
Is the death penalty moral or immoral?
What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?
How would life be different if the computer had never been invented?
How many angels can stand on the head of a pin?
62
Why is the range effect known as a “ceiling effect” a problem for researchers?
The scores are already so low that there is no chance of measuring decrease
So much room for lower performance that measures are certain to decrease
The scores are so high that there's no chance of measuring improvement
There is so much room for improvement that measures are certain to increase
63
After measuring a set of people, researcher finds that Bob’s score is 3X greater than Jane’s. What scale of measurement
Ordinal
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
64
Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?
A linear process that moves directly to a final answer
A circular process that leads to a final answer
A linear process that leads to a tentative answer
A circular process that leads to a tentative answer
