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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
content
criterion-related
2
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
reticular formation
limbic system
brainstem
3
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
4
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
5
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
6
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
7
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
8
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
9
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
10
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
11
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
12
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
13
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
morphemic
mnemonic
platonic
14
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
15
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
16
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
17
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
18
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
19
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
20
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
21
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
22
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
23
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
24
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
25
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
26
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
27
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
28
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
29
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
median
mean
30
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
31
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
32
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
33
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
sequential
cross-sectional
longitundinal
34
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
35
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
script
semantic network
chunk
36
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
37
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant conditioning
insight learning
38
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test norms
test scales
39
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
insight
40
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
anal
genital
oral
41
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
an obsession
42
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
43
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
44
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
45
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
46
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
47
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
48
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
49
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
light
tone
50
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
51
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
52
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
pressure
frustration
53
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
54
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
55
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
56
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
57
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
58
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
59
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
60
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
personality
61
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
62
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
63
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
64
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
65
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
66
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
collectivism
67
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
68
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
69
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
70
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
71
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
72
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
73
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
74
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
75
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
mechanical
spatial
76
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
77
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
78
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
processing
attention
79
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
80
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
81
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
82
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
83
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
84
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
85
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
86
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
87
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
procedural
crystallized
88
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
relearning
reiteration
89
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
90
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
consciousness
perception
91
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
92
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
93
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
94
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the brain
the unconscious
95
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
repression
96
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
97
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
98
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
99
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
100
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
101
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
102
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
103
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
104
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
105
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
106
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
107
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
108
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
109
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
110
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
111
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
112
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
retrieved
encoded
113
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
fixation
displacement
114
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
115
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
116
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
117
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
118
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
119
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
120
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
121
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
122
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
123
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
closure
constancy
124
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
125
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
126
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
127
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
128
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
129
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
130
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
131
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
132
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
mentalism
introspection
133
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
134
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
135
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
136
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
137
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
138
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
139
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
140
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
141
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
142
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
143
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
144
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
145
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
feeding
146
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
color
saturation
147
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
148
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
149
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
150
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
