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Developmental Psychology Midterm Review
Developmental Psychology Midterm Review
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1
Skinner is most known for Operant Conditioning using,
Skinner boxes
Cats
Dogs
Chimps
2
Classical conditioning involves ...
Reward and punishment
Stimulus and response
Social learning
Contingency management
3
Rooting Reflex
34 weeks, touch on posterior 3rd of tongue
Prenatal, 3 months, perioral touch. turn mouth to stimulus
28 weeks, Rhythmic pattern
Prenatal, 2-5 months, Inhibit voluntary use of arms
4
What is the difference between continuous change and discontinuous change
Discontinuous is gradual improvements Continuous are levels
Continous is gradual improvement Discontinuous are levels
5
small for gestational age
birth weight less than the 10th percentile
birth weight less than the 90th percentile
birth weight less than the 50th percentile
birth weight greater than the 10th percentile
6
Explicit memory is
learning how to do something
memory of facts and experiences that one consciously knows
run by the hypothalamus
run by the cerebellum
7
Morphemes are the smallest units of ______ in a language.
syntax
speech
sounds
meaning
8
The axon conducts nerve impulses _______ the cell body.
away from
towards
around, bypassing
both towards and away from
9
correlational research
In-depth investigation of a person or group of people
research that seeks to identify whether an asociatin or relationship exists
Proves causation between two variables
specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research
10
Low birthweight infants are those weighing less than
7 pounds at birth
6 pounds at birth
5.5 pounds at birth
9 pounds at birth
11
What nursing action will support infant bonding?
Allowing skin to skin contact between newborn & parents.
Discourage parents from touching infant during phototherapy.
Restricting sibling visitation to prevent infection.
Isolating infant to nursery during mother’s ICU stay.
12
Proximodistal development refers to:
Simple skills are learned before complex skills
The approximation of the rate and timing of development
Development from the head down
Devlopment from the centre of the body outwards
13
According to the just-right phenomenon, some preschool children __________.
develop strong rituals and routines about the kinds of foods they will eat
eat too much meat
avoid foods with high sodium content
consume too many high-iron foods
14
Object permanence can be reinforced with which game?
candy land
ring around the rosie
duck, duck, goose
peek a boo
15
Nonorganic failure to thrive syndrome is
A motor skill
A disease
A condition caused by lack of attention
Untreatable
16
What is the independent variable
The variable being tested and changed
The variable measured
When you hold something constant
The outcome
17
The white, greasy material that covers the baby's body at birth is called vernix
true
false
18
The dendrites of a neuron do what?
Reuptake neurotransmitters
Support the health and functioning of the cell
Receive signals from a sending neuron
Send neurotransmitters to a receiving neuron
19
A baby begins to make mental representations of something that is not directly perceivable.
This is goal-directed behaviour in the sensorimotor stage.
She displays object permanence in the sensorimotor stage.
He displays object permanence in the preoperational stage.
She shows abstract thought in the preoperational stage.
20
brain lateralization
selective attention/ concentration; reasoning, problem solving, organizing,
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
The idea that the left and the right hemispheres are specialized
21
Naturalistic observation is _________
observing an organism in a controlled environment
viewing the subject with natural lighting
observing an organism in its natural habitat
#no filter
22
A Nativist approach to language suggests that
Language is modelled
Language is learned like behaviour
Language is a myth
Language is innate
23
Dynamic systems theory is:
complex systems theory, the emergence of motor skills across the lifespan.
A theory explaining the neurological factors underpinning movement.
A theory explaining the biological maturation of children
theory explaining the hierarchical sequence of movement skill acquisition.
24
Babinski reflex:
Stroking bottom of foot elicits fanning of the great toe
squeezing calf muscle elicits fanning of great toe
sucking response by gently tapping upper lip
stepping response
25
Pragmatics is
study of the sound system
meaning of individual words
use of language in a social context
study of grammar
26
in vitro
fertilization
egg and sperm joined in a petri dish
egg and sperm meet in the fallopian tube
sperm inserted into the uterus/fallopian tube
screening of cells in the lab
27
Lanugo is ______?
short, fine, downy hair
catagen
anagen hair
telogen hair
28
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
29
What is undernutrition?
When someone eats less that 2000 calories a day.
A poorly balanced diet lacking in minerals.
When people are obese.
30
Germinal Stage
Weeks 1–2
Weeks 3–8
Weeks 9–40
31
behavioral perspective
You study how the pursuit of basic needs influences behavior
You study how the physical brain & nervous system influence behavior...
You study how conscious thoughts influence behavior…
You study how new behaviors from the environment influence behavior…..
32
Sudden Infant Death
Completely unexpected and unexplained death of a infant
less than age 13 months
also called bed death
33
Social speech is
Form of "speech" we use to talk to ourselves inside our own head. Age of 8
Form of speech we use to talk to ourselves out loud (Around the age of 3)
Form of speech we use to communicate with each other
34
In Psychology, Jean Piaget is famous for his theories of intellectual development in
children
teens
adults
infants
35
What is the babbling stage?
One-word statements
Two-word statements
Repeated consonant-vowel sounds
Repeated vowel sounds
36
Infant directed speech
Connotation
Holographic spech
Denotation
Motherese
37
Phonemes and morphemes refer to...
Two types of influences language has on thought.
Basic elements of memories stored in long-term memory.
Elements of telegraphic speech toddlers use.
Elements of language.
38
Babies are born with reflexes. True or False.
False
True
39
Accommodation in childhood is referred to as
playing with other children
confusing shapes and objects
assimilating
new knowledge and reshaping was children already know
40
Developmental psychology is the study of:
language,personality,& emotions of children and adolescents.
changes in behavior & abilities from conception to death.
the stages of life and the important tasks of each.
the role of maturation in the unfolding of human potential
41
Psychodynamic Perspective
Max Wertheimer
William James
Sigmund Freud
Wilhem Wundt
42
What is a
dependent
variable?
the variable that is not change but is affected by another
the variable that can be changed
the variable that is manipulated
the variable that is not affected by another
43
synaptic pruning is
risky behaviour during adolescence
Increase in the number of synapses during development
removal of parts of the brain in an injury
decrease in the number of synapses during adolescence
44
What is cognitive
scaffolding?
An overload of information
Equipment for construction workers
Temporary support (step by step) to help a child learn
Permanent assistance
45
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
46
Down syndrome can be detected by this test...
alpha-fetoprotein test
ultrasound
blood test
amniocentesis
47
Psychodynamic perspective:
Focuses on mental process, memory, and perception
I'm not sure
Personality theory and form of psychotherapy
Emphasizes unconscious processes and early experience
48
What are teratogens?
any external agents that can harm an embryo or fetus
a collection of congenital problems associated with alcohol
a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and egg
structures that allow oxygen & nutrients to pass to fetus
49
Developmental Psychology studies human development...
from birth to adulthood
from childhood to adolescence
from conception to death
from conception to birth
50
For the first month of life, a newborn baby is called a neonate.
True
False
51
What is a schema?
Inference
Theoretical model
Mental framework
Computer model
52
The embryonic stage of a pregnancy is
the duration of the pregnancy
the moment when a male's sperm cell penetrates a female egg
from week two through to week 8
the same as the foetal stage
53
Cephalocaudal:
Proceeding in the direction from head to toe
Proceeding in the direction from top to bottom
Proceeding in the direction from Left to Right
Proceeding in the direction from from to back
54
Critical period refers to-
an important time when development has to take place
two to three hours after birth
middle adulthood to late adulthood
the period up to adolescence
55
Deferred Imitation
Behaviors that demonstrate cooperation and helpfulness.
Watching another person's behavior & repeating it later
When a babies leg grows longer than another
The strong emotional connection that develops between people
56
Artificial insemination:
involves only prize-winning bulls
involves collecting eggs and placing them in a test tube
involves placing eggs and sperm together in petri dishes
involves collecting sperm and placing it in the female
57
Stepping Reflex
Head turns toward source of stimulation
Infant lifts one foot after another when held under arms
Toes fan out and curl in as foot twists in
Spontaneous grasp of adult finger
58
Extremely
low-birthweight infants weigh how much?
<1200 grams
<1500 grams
<1000 grams
<2000 grams
59
What is episiotomy?
When baby position needs to change before delivery
When the baby has already been delivered... #peace #calm
Surgical incision to help enlarge the vaginal opening
When the amniotic sac is broken by the doctor
60
What is childhood obesity?
Slightly overweight
majorly underweight
majorly overweight
slightly underweight
61
Habituation refers to the
adjustment current schemas to make sense of new information
awareness that things continue exist even whennot perceived.
interpretation new information in terms of existing schemas
decreasing response to stimulus which one repeatedly exposed
62
Principle of Hierarchical Integration
is...
Simple skills that develop separately/independently into complex skills
Changes in different rates of growth at different periods of time
Growth is from center of body to the extremities (limbs)
Growth occurs from head (brain) to trunk to feet
63
How many phonemes in the word
child?
4
3
2
64
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
65
Infant States
regular sleep and crying
regular, active alertness, and crying
REM sleep, regular, quiet alertness, active alertness, and crying
only crying
66
What are development quotients?
the average intelligence of an infant
how a child develops
60% of U.S. mothers
a score on an infant intelligence test
67
What does APGAR scale stand for?
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, reflexes
Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration
Actual, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
68
What is considered a normal APGAR score
1-5
5-10
5-7
7-10
69
Anoxia means...
O2 Deficiency
Vertebrae
Secretion
Crying
70
Following an experiment, what must a researcher provide to all the participants?
Coercion
protection from harm
Debriefing
informed consent
71
How many phonemes are in the word: bee?
5
4
2
3
72
"Brain plasticity" refers to...
The brain's ability to regrow damaged neurons.
New connections forming to take over for damaged sections.
Our adaptability to different problems.
The surface texture of the cerebral cortex.
73
Classical conditioning's main man is
Sigmund Freud
Albert Bandura
George Thorougood
Ivan Pavlov
74
What is a hypothesis?
What you learn in an experiment
What you predict will happen in the experiment
The equipment you use in the experiment
The results you get from the experiment
75
Halophrase is defined as what?
Use of language as a means of engaging in social interactions
Use of language to label certain items
Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended
A single word used to express complex meanings
76
Sensitive Period
All of the above.
A time when children are most receptive to absorbing specific learning.
A time when children are very sensitive emotionally.
77
Fragile X Syndrome will cause:
Inherited Intellectual Disability
Elevated LDL
High Levels of salt in skin
78
What does the myelin sheath around the axon do?
insulates the axon and speeds impulse transmission
allows impulses to "jump" the synapse
causes the axon to degenerate
insulates the axon & slows speed of impulse transmission
79
Continuous = ______ and Discontinuous = _______
Quantitative, Qualitative
Correlational, Experimental
Qualitative, Quantitative
Experimental, Correlational
80
Using "car" to describe other vehicles, overextension or underextension?
Overextension
Neither
Underextension
81
Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality due to
an extra copy of the 21stchromosome
an abnormality of chromosome 6
chromosome 15 being deleted
an extra copy of the 22ndchromosome
82
Telegraphic speech is
considered a form of receptive language.
a system of language rules for combining morphemes.
a grammatically correct two-word utterance.
evident before babbling occurs.
83
Swimming Reflex
Toes fan out and curl in as foot twists in
Head turns toward source of stimulation
Infant paddles and kicks when placed face down in water
Spontaneous grasp of adult finger
84
Theories help scientists to ...
determine truth from lies
prove hypotheses
propose new ideas about how the world works
explain large bodies of data
85
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale examines
color, pulse, and breathing
neurological maturity
oxygen content of blood
alertness, reflexes, and control
86
Rapid Eye Movement
RME
ROM
REM
RDM
87
What is Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Syndrome?
Death of an infant
The death of an infant less than a year
88
What is the fetus?
A developing baby more than 8 weeks after conception.
The early developing stages of a baby.
The cells that are discharged early.
The cell that is formed when egg meets sperm.
89
An example of assimilation in children's learning is a child seeing a zebra and calling it a horse. (Piaget)
True
False
90
A stillbirth occurs during the fetal stage.
True
False
91
Who developed the Bioecological approach?
Einstein
Vygotsky
Bronfenbrenner
Piaget
92
The word dogs has ____ phonemes.
3
5
4
2
93
what Is the learning-theory approach ?
Giving praise and repetition
The older you get the more you understand
94
The Interactionist Approach to Language...
Just genetics
Both environment and genetics
Just environment
95
What is the Moro reflex?
NB’s response when jarred to adduct the extremities.
NB’s response when jarred to extend the extremities.
NB’s response when jarred to extend and abduct the extremities.
NB’s response when jarred to flex the extremities.
96
referential style
speed of learning words
naming objects
path child takes
97
Startle reflex
born before 37 weeks of development and weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces
a newborns automatic response when touched on the lips or cheek
style of reacting to the world and relating to others
newborns automatic response to loud noise or touch on the stomach
98
the bioecological approach consists of
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
microsystem, macrosystem, mesosystem
chronosystem, alphasystem, microsystem, macrosystem
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
99
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
rehearsal; retrieval
imagery; mnemonics
retention; acquisition
recognition; recall
100
What are the spaces between neurons called?
synarthrosis
synapses
spaces
corridors
