What is a characteristic feature of the amplitude spectrum in natural images?

It follows a 1/f spectrum, with contrast decreasing as frequency increases

Which is NOT a problem with object constancy?

Carving the image into different regions

Why is imagery like "vision in reverse"?

Vision is bottom-up & imagery is top-down (ie brain activation in reverse)

With mental rotation, response time depends on

size of the object, orientation difference

What is color harmony, and why is it used in visual composition?

Combining complementary colors to create balance and unity

What does blindsight suggest about brain function?

Primary visual cortex (V1) is necessary for awareness

Both art and perception involving

representing images at increasingly abstract levels

What causes certain images to be visually uncomfortable to look at?

When the amplitude spectrum is "unnatural", Images that have excess energy at frequencies we are sensitive to, Unnatural stimulus properties that overstimulate the visual system, Patterns that strongly activate our most sensitive frequencies

How do caricatures work?

Exaggerate how the features differ from the protype

What is the El Greco fallacy?

A mistaken belief that distorted vision leads directly to distorted art

What is color contrast, and why is it important in visual art and perception?

The use of opposing colors to enhance visibility and draw attention

With facial expression, you recognize _______ rather than _______ in faces

expressions; identity, changes; invariance

Individuals vary in vividness in mental imagery. Stronger imagery is associated with a

smaller area of primary visual cortex (V1)

What is meant by “fractal structure” in the context of visual art?

Images that mimic natural fractal structures are more visually appealing, Fractals are patterns that repeat in similar form at multiple scales, Pollock's art contain natural 1/f fractal patterns, People prefer images with intermediate (more natural) fractal patterns

How is the prototypical face set?

By adaptation to the set of faces you've seen (i.e. learned)

What does the “problem of shared experiences” question?

If we experience stimuli the same way

Blindsight, visual neglect, Balint's syndrome, subliminal perception suggest...

Consciousness is not necessary for perception (ie perception w/o awareness)

Split-brain studies show that

When the corpus callosum is severed, each hemisphere has its own awareness, Separate awareness in each hemisphere

An expert at recognizing something shows strong inversion effect for that, Face inversion effect is based on our expertise of faces (e.g. learned)

recognizing faces when they are not there

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Questions 76

Answers

1
What is a characteristic feature of the amplitude spectrum in natural images?
Amplitude spectrum of natural images increases with spatial frequencies
Amplitude spectrum is higher as detail increases
Amplitude spectrum remains constant across frequencies
It follows a 1/f spectrum, with contrast decreasing as frequency increases
2
bottom-up activation of cortex from retina and LGN
Vision
Imagery
3
Because faces are a biologically important stimuli, we have a ________ visual process for face recognition
innate
specialized
learned
generalized
4
Evidence that we perceive the holistic spatial relationship between features, rather than analyze each part of a face
Composite faces
Perceptual processing
Contextual processing
Chimeric faces
5
interpret objects to be consistent with most general view, not accidental perspective
Generic perspective
Object recognition
Generic viewpoint
Object interpretation
6
Shapes and surfaces are processes in the ______ of the visual cortex
later regions (LOC)
intermediate stages (V4)
early stages
7
What term refers to perception without awareness due to brief or weak stimuli?
Prosopagnosia
Balint's syndrome
Subliminal perception
Synaesthesia
8
Which is not a characteristic of consciousness (the subjective nature of visual awareness)
Qualia (feelings)
Phenomenology (contents)
Awareness (visibility)
Senses (experiences)
9
Which is NOT a problem with object constancy?
Recognize the same object from different viewpoints
Carving the image into different regions
Tell that 2 objects belong to the same category
10
Why is imagery like "vision in reverse"?
Similar adaption effects to real or imagined stimuli
Imaged & real stimuli activate common areas like the visual cortex
Vision is bottom-up & imagery is top-down (ie brain activation in reverse)
Imagery is bottom-up & vision is top-down (ie brain activation in reverse)
11
Happiness, surprise, disgust, fear, anger, sadness are...
Innate expressions (i.e. present from birth)
Culturally-influenced expressions
Learned expressions
Universal expressions
12
With mental rotation, response time depends on
size of the object
complexity of the object
orientation difference
number of parts
13
top-down input to visual cortex from frontal cortex
Imagery
Vision
14
True/False: face recognition abilities vary widely and are largely inherited
True
False
15
What is color harmony, and why is it used in visual composition?
Painting with colors of the same shade to unify the image
The use of opposing colors to enhance visibility and draw attention
Combining complementary colors to create balance and unity
16
The mirror neuron system explains
Universal consciousness
Shared consciousness
Learning through visual cues
Imitation and social awareness
17
True/False: Color in art is determined (in part) by available technology
False
True
18
Generalized cones - keep similar shape despite changing viewpoint and basic shape for defining parts
Geons
Generic viewpoints
Parts
Local features
19
Neural correlates of awareness (aka sites for consciousness) are distributed to these sites except...
Corpus callosum
Ventral stream ("what" pathway)
Dorsal stream ("where" pathway)
Primary visual cortex (V1) aka Striate cortex
20
What does blindsight suggest about brain function?
The V1 is used for both visual perception and mental visual imagery
Even without vision, awareness can still occur
Primary visual cortex (V1) is necessary for awareness
Primary visual cortex (V1) is the only site for consciousness
21
Both art and perception involving
combining external experiences with subjective consciousness
translating subjective experiences to an object format
using consciousness to understand the world around us
representing images at increasingly abstract levels
22
What causes certain images to be visually uncomfortable to look at?
When the amplitude spectrum is "unnatural"
Images that have excess energy at frequencies we are sensitive to
Unnatural stimulus properties that overstimulate the visual system
Patterns that strongly activate our most sensitive frequencies
23
Images stored like interpreted verbal stories
Propositional theories
Analog theories
24
How do caricatures work?
Exaggerate how the features differ from the protype
Exaggerate features that are normally not noticeable
Exaggerate the subject's insecurities
Exaggerate features that are most noticeable of an individual
25
Keeping viewpoint information (e.g. adapting to a tilted view causes a frontal view to appear tilted the other way)
Orientation selectivity
Viewpoint adaptation
Viewpoint selectivity
Viewpoint constancy
26
Object recognition occurs in a series of stages along the __________ pathway
dorsal ("where")
ventral ("what")
V4
Inferotemporal cortex (IT)
27
Monet's paintings reveal which visual deficiency
Color blindness
Prosopagnosia
Cataracts
Steroblindness
28
Identity of objects are processes in the ______ of the visual cortex
intermediate stages (V4)
later regions (LOC)
early stages
29
contrast of the sine waves vs. frequency
Contrast sensitivity function
Amplitude sensitiivty
Spatial frequency
Amplitude spectrum
30
What is the El Greco fallacy?
Astigmatism is evident in an artist' work, but stereoblindness isn't
An artist's art is distorted by their visual deficiencies
A mistaken belief that distorted vision leads directly to distorted art
El Greco's astigmatism is evident in his distorted art
31
What is color contrast, and why is it important in visual art and perception?
The use of opposing colors to enhance visibility and draw attention
Using dissimilar colors to create tension
Combining colors that are pleasing together to create balance and unity
Painting with colors of the same shade to unify the image
32
parts are the bulges, boundaries between parts are the concavities or indentations
Border points
Points of maximum convexity
Points of maximum concavity
Boundary points
33
With facial expression, you recognize _______ rather than _______ in faces
identity; expressions
invariance; changes
expressions; identity
changes; invariance
34
Individuals vary in vividness in mental imagery. Stronger imagery is associated with a
larger area of primary visual cortex (V1)
smaller area of primary visual cortex (V1)
35
brain regions at the interface of perception & action show similar responses when acting or watching others act
Mirror neuron system
Dorsal stream ("where" pathway)
Corpus callosum
Ventral stream ("what" pathway)
36
What is meant by “fractal structure” in the context of visual art?
Images that mimic natural fractal structures are more visually appealing
Fractals are patterns that repeat in similar form at multiple scales
Pollock's art contain natural 1/f fractal patterns
People prefer images with intermediate (more natural) fractal patterns
37
How is the prototypical face set?
By genetic influences (i.e. innate)
By adaptation to the set of faces you've seen (i.e. learned)
By adaptation to faces of your own race/ethnicity (i.e. innate)
Based on cultural standards (i.e. learned)
38
What does the “problem of shared experiences” question?
If other entities share our conscious experiences
If we experience stimuli the same way
If our memories are accurate (based on shared experiences)
If our sensory experiences can be communicated with others
39
Recognizing the same object from different views
Object representations
Object recognition
Object constancy
Object discrimination
40
Blindsight, visual neglect, Balint's syndrome, subliminal perception suggest...
Consciousness is limited by our abilities for perception
Consciousness is not necessary for perception (ie perception w/o awareness)
Consciousness is equal to perception
Perception cannot occur without consciousness
41
A genetic developmental disorder in which individuals can see the parts but can't see them together as an object
Apperceptive
Williams Syndrome
Simultagnosia
Visual agnosias
42
The inversion effect is due to the loss of ______ when a face is inverted (hint: relationships between features)
Configural cues
Orientational cues
Configural coding
Processing cues
43
Inability to recognize objects or the relationships between parts
Apperceptive
Visual agnosias
Simultagnosia
Williams Syndrome
44
People from different cultures perceive facial expressions the same way (i.e. identity a smiling face as happy)
False
True
45
mental representations of objects or events that are not present
Visual imagery
Visual memories
Mental representations
Mental memories
46
Local features are processes in the ______ of the visual cortex
later regions (LOC)
early stages
intermediate stages (V4)
47
Imaged and real stimuli activate common processing areas including the
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Visual cortex
Fusiform area
Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT)
48
Split-brain studies show that
When the corpus callosum is severed, each hemisphere has its own awareness
The left and right hemisphere of the brain have different functions
Consciousness is eliminated when the corpus callosum is severed
Separate awareness in each hemisphere
49
Expertise effects
Without exposure to faces, we do not experience the inversion effect
An expert at recognizing something shows weaker inversion effect for that
An expert at recognizing something shows strong inversion effect for that
Face inversion effect is based on our expertise of faces (e.g. learned)
50
What philosophical issue claims the mental and physical phenomena are fundamentally different?
Problem of other minds
Problem of shared experiences
Relationalism
Dualism
51
Pareidolia
lack of predictive coding for faces
the inability to recognize faces
the inability to recognize objects
recognizing faces when they are not there
52
We interpret faces...
in relationship to context
as parts
as isolated features
holistically
53
Which condition includes a lack of awareness of one side of visual space?
Blindsight
Synaesthesia
Balint's syndrome
Visual neglect
54
Faces can be represented in a multidimensional space based on differences from a prototype face
Predictive coding for faces
Face space
Identity trajectories
Identity processing
55
a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole
Fractals
Magnification patterns
Steropatterns
Geons
56
Object boundaries are more similar when they...
Form the same "parts"
Are a part of a different category
Form the same contour
Are a part of the same category
57
the ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them (e.g. a blind man avoiding obstacles)
Blindsight
Visual neglect
Omniscient awareness
Omniscient consciousness
58
Images of ambiguous stimuli _____ be reinterpreted
can
cannot
59
If an artist has distorted percepts (like vision), why doesn't it show up in their art?
Like general vision, art compensates for visual imperfections
Artists are able to extrapolate the "accurate" image from their knowledge
The art should be distorted in the same way
Artists rely on other visual cues to make up for distorted percepts
60
__________ are perceived by coding independent parts, using same processes as for other objects
Upright faces
Inverted faces
61
Neural responses that match awareness (e.g. binocular rivalry) that become strong along the visual pathway suggest
Single site of consciousness
More than one site of consciousness
62
Cross-cultural studies show that processing facial expressions is....
genetically influenced; innate
variable; learned
universal, innate
culture-based; learned
63
Why don’t artists depict accurate reflections or shadows?
Reflections & shadows are inconsistent in the real world (ie changing)
Even inaccurate depictions provide the impression of the natural image
Reflections & shadows are visually ambiguous
Viewer's perception is not sensitive these details
64
Images are stored in a spatial format & inspected by moving continuously through space (like eyes scanning an image)
Mental map
Mental image
Image scanning
Image processing
65
True/False: There is a single site in the brain for consciousness
False
True
66
visual illusion where local feature changes in an upside-down face are harder to detect compared to an upright face
Thatcher illusion
Pareidolia illusion
Inversion illusion
Chimeric faces
67
Hyperphantasia (aka eidetic imagery)
detailed and vivid mental imagery / visual memories
inability to imagine visual stimuli (only think of the idea of it)
vivid mental imagery / memories for multimodal stimuli (i.e. all 5 senses)
lack of mental imagery due to physical blindness
68
Prosopagnosia
the inability to recognize objects
the inability to recognize faces
lack of visual processing mechanisms for faces
lack of predictive coding for faces
69
What brain region is activated when recognizing faces?
Ventral stream
Dorsal stream
Inferior Temporal cortex (IT)
Fusiform area
70
How does visual art take advantage of how vision works?
Use techniques like linear perspective or depth to manipulate perception
Properties that artists don't capture signify properties outside perception
To be interpretable, art must conform to the constraints of our perception
Use cues that match visual cues in the real world (like shading)
71
Images stored like visual representations
Analog theories
Propositional theories
72
What philosophical problem questions how we know others have minds?
Shared consciousness
Subjective consciousness
Problem of shared experiences
Problem of other minds
73
What syndrome involves difficulty in perceiving more than one object at a time?
Visual neglect
Prosopagnosia
Synaesthesia
Balint's syndrome
74
Neural deficit where only one part can be perceived at a time
Williams Syndrome
Simultagnosia
Visual agnosias
Apperceptive
75
Aphantasia
cannot perform mental spatial operations
lack of mental imagery due to physical blindness
photographic memory (detailed and vivid visual memories)
unable to experience mental imagery / memories (no experience of images)
76
Mental rotation supports that images are stored in a spatial format &are transformed in space, supporting the ___ model
Propositional model
Analog model

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