In Watson's little Albert experiment, the white rat was the _____ ; the loud noise was the_____

conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

Mostclassical conditioning requires repeated trials

Latent learning is_____.

not demonstrated until motivated to perform the behavior

The text defines cognition as:

mental activity used to process, understand, and communicate

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Exam 2 Review

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Questions 85

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1
Which sequence is best to follow to minimize interference-induced forgetting?
study, sleep, test
study, listen to music, test
study, exercise, test
study, eat, test
2
In Watson's little Albert experiment, the white rat was the _____ ; the loud noise was the_____
conditioned response/ conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus/ conditoned response
conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response/ unconditioned stimulus
3
What term refers to our awareness of our cognition; what we know about what we know?
internal memory
intrinsic memory
metamnesia
metacognition
4
punishment is controversial approach to controlling behavior because?
punishment often increases aggressiveness
behavior is not forgotten and may return
punishment stimuli often create fear
all the above
5
Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports
concept
semantic grouping
heuristic
algorithm
6
A barrier to rational thinking when you rely too much on what worked before in a similar event?
hindsight bias
interference bias
confirmation bias
mental set
7
Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:
negative reinforcement
discriminate learning
punishment
positive reinforcement
8
Which involves associating new info with previous info, in order to make it more memorable?
Maintenance Rehearsal
Rote Memorization
Repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal
9
Search for/use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as _____.
confirmation bias
heuristic
hindsight bias
algorithm
10
A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement
fixed interval
continuous
variable ration
fixed ratio
11
Amnesia victims typically have damage to the _____________ of the brain
thalamus
hippocampus
cerebellum
frontal lobe
12
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is _____ and thus ______ the probability of a response
removed; increases
presented; decreases
presented; increases
removed; decreases
13
In which type of amnesia to people lose the ability to learn create new memories?
Anterograde amnesia
Repression
Cue-dependent amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
14
Which sequence is best to follow to minimize interference-induced forgetting?
study, eat, test
study, listen to music, test
study, sleep, test
study, exercise, test
15
Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?
factual information from studying
flashbulb memories
traumatic memories
sensory memories
16
A dessert recipe that gives you amounts, ingredients, and steps to follow is an example of a(n)
algorithm
mental set
heuristic
prototype
17
A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________.
negative reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
positive reinforcer
primary reinforcer
18
Reinforcement is every 100 times for a certain behavior, which type of schedule is this?
variable-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
19
Visual sensory memory is referred to as:
photomemory
echoic
semantic memory
iconic
20
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
Operant Conditioning
vicarious learning
Law of Effect
Classical Conditioning
21
The basic units of cognition are:
prototypes
morphemes
concepts
phonemes
22
In which type of amnesia to people lose the ability to learn create new memories?
Repression
Retrograde Amnesia
Cue-dependent amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
23
Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
Mostclassical conditioning requires repeated trials
Learningis effective if trials follow each other quickly
Onetrial is usually enough for conditioning to occur
Learningwill continue to increase indefinitely
24
shaping is a(n)______ technique for ____________ a behavior
operant; suppressing
operant; establishing
respondent; suppressing
respondent;establishing
25
A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem
fixation
algorithm
heuristic
subgoal
26
A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem
algorithm
fixation
heuristic
subgoal
27
Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:
negative reinforcement
punishment
positive reinforcement
discriminate learning
28
______ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior
contiguity
extinction
shaping
generalization
29
Latent learning is_____.
based on insight
best explained by instinctive drift
highly susceptible to extinction
not demonstrated until motivated to perform the behavior
30
_____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true toa specific instance
inductive reasoning
heuristic
algorithm
deductive reasoning
31
Which are memories of general knowledge, facts, etc?
Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
Tacit
32
______is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.
hindset bias
confirmation bias
mental set
availability heuristic
33
The basic units of cognition are:
morphemes
phonemes
prototypes
concepts
34
Eyewitness accounts of crimes are _____.
prone errors
always very accurate
most accurate when speaking to others witnesses
never accurate
35
_____ involves retaining information over time
amnesia
memory
priming
learning
36
The text defines cognition as:
logical reasoning
problem solving
all mental activity
mental activity used to process, understand, and communicate
37
Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
short-term memory
schemas
sensory memory
long-term memory
38
Search for/use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as _____.
algorithm
confirmation bias
heuristic
hindsight bias
39
What strategy increases the amount of info in memory by grouping it into larger, familiar units
memory construction
organization
chunking
consolidation
40
Dr. Loftus saw asking misleading questions could distort or change people’s memories. This is:
Information interposition effect
Recovery interference effect
Reinvention effect
Misinformation effect
41
In what type of reasoning are pros and cons given in weighing possible conclusions?
Deductive reasoning
Informal Reasoning
Dialectical reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
42
Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes
chunking
storage
retrieval
encoding
43
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
operant conditioning
vicarious learning
classical conditioning
The Law of Effect
44
Which is a shortcut used in problem-solving that gives the right answer most of the time?
algorithm
reflections
induction
heuristic
45
A good test of intelligence should be ______.
standardized
all the above
reliable
valid
46
In what type of reasoning are pros and cons given in weighing possible conclusions?
Dialectical reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Informal Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
47
Memory for skills is called?
episodic memory
explicit memory
declarative memory
implicit memory
48
A barrier to rational thinking when you rely too much on what worked before in a similar event?
mental set
hindsight bias
confirmation bias
interference bias
49
_____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true toa specific instance
algorithm
inductive reasoning
heuristic
deductive reasoning
50
Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer
food
attention
praise
money
51
Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____
impaired semantic memory
enhanced memory retrieval
impaired explicit memory
enhanced working memory
52
A good test of intelligence should be ______.
standardized
reliable
valid
all the above
53
A dessert recipe that gives you amounts, ingredients, and steps to follow is an example of a(n)
prototype
mental set
algorithm
heuristic
54
In which type of amnesia to people lose the ability to learn create new memories?
Anterograde amnesia
Cue-dependent amnesia
Repression
Retrograde Amnesia
55
What term refers to our awareness of our cognition; what we know about what we know?
metamnesia
metacognition
internal memory
intrinsic memory
56
Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports
algorithm
heuristic
semantic grouping
concept
57
shaping is a(n)______ technique for ____________ a behavior
operant; establishing
respondent; suppressing
operant; suppressing
respondent;establishing
58
Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes
retrieval
storage
chunking
encoding
59
In classical conditioning, the ___stimulus elicits an automatic response, even without training
discriminitive
unconditioned
respondent
conditioned
60
Which problem-solving strategy is guaranteed to give a correct solution?
mental set
heuristic
algorithm
inference
61
It's easier to recall info that was just presented when:
is seen rather than heard
consists of random letters and numbers
is experienced in an unusual context
is heard rather than seen
62
Which involves associating new info with previous info, in order to make it more memorable?
Rote Memorization
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
Repetition
63
Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution, but may help bring one are called _______.
functional sets
algorithms
heuristics
problem states
64
If a consequence increases the likelihood of a response in the future,the consequence is called
punishment
neutral
reinforcement
biologically-based
65
Dr. Loftus saw asking misleading questions could distort or change people’s memories. This is:
Information interposition effect
Reinvention effect
Recovery interference effect
Misinformation effect
66
ROY G BIV is what kind of memory strategy?
maintenance rehearsal
recovery memory
none of the above
mnemonics
67
______is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.
available heuristic
hindsight bias
confirmation bias
mental set
68
Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution, but may help bring one are called _______.
problem states
heuristics
algorithms
functional sets
69
The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before?
deja vu
state dependency
encoding failure
priming
70
Echoic memories fade after approximately:
1 minute
30 seconds
3 to 4 seconds
1 hour
71
In classical conditioning, the ___ stimulus elicits the learned response after several pairings
conditioned
unconditioned
neutral
reinforced
72
punishment is controversial approach to controlling behavior because?
all the above
punishment often increases aggressiveness
behavior is not forgotten and may return
punishment stimuli often create fear
73
Three steps in memory information processing are:
input, storage, retrieval
input, processing, output
input, storage, output
encoding, storage, retrieval
74
Which part of memory is also called working memory?
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory storage
declarative
75
Retrieval is the process of _____.
bringing information to mind whenever needed
transforming information to be stored in memory
metamemory
storing information that can be retrieved over time
76
Amnesia victims typically have damage to the _____________ of the brain
thalamus
hippocampus
cerebellum
frontal lobe
77
What strategy increases the amount of info in memory by grouping it into larger, familiar units
consolidation
chunking
memory construction
organization
78
Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.
discovery learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
79
______is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.
confirmation bias
available heuristic
mental set
hindsight bias
80
The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before?
priming
deja vu
encoding failure
state dependency
81
What theory was advanced by Festinger?
balance
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive heuristic
Confirmation bias
82
Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
short-term memory
sensory memory
long-term memory
schema
83
Dr. Loftus saw asking misleading questions could distort or change people’s memories. This is:
Recovery interference effect
Reinvention effect
Misinformation effect
Information interposition effect
84
The process of experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.
learning
imprinting
cognition
intelligence
85
What theory was advanced by Festinger?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive heuristic
Cognitive dissonance
balance

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