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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
2
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
absolute
construct
3
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
4
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
5
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
6
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
7
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
modeled
encoded
8
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
9
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
light purity
color
10
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
centration
egocentrism
11
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
12
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
13
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
14
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
15
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
16
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
preconventional
postconventional
17
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
18
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
19
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
20
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
21
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test levels
test scales
22
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
behavioral quality
personality
temperament
23
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
24
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
25
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
26
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
27
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
28
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
29
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
30
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
31
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
32
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
33
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
34
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
35
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
rabbit
fear reaction
36
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
37
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
schema
chunk
38
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
39
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
relearning
recognition
40
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
41
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
42
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
43
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
44
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
45
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
46
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
47
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
48
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
49
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
50
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
51
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
52
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
53
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
54
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
intelligence
reasoning
55
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
change
frustration
conflict
56
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
57
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
58
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
59
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
behavior
the unconscious
60
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
pathogens
61
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
62
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
63
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
64
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
65
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
66
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
67
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
68
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
psychological stability
69
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
70
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
sensation
hypnosis
71
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
72
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
73
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
sedatives
74
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
75
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
loudness
timbre
76
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
77
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
anal
latency
78
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
79
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
80
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
81
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
82
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
83
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
pineal gland
84
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
85
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
is consistent
86
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
87
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
personality
schizophrenic
88
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
89
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
90
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
delusions
illusions
91
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
REM
92
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
93
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
94
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
95
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
96
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
97
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
98
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
99
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
deindividuation
social loafing
group polarization
100
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
101
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
102
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
overextension
103
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
104
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
105
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
106
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
107
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
108
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
109
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
110
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
111
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
112
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
113
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
114
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
115
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
116
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
117
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
118
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
119
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
120
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
121
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
122
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
123
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
124
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
sensory
125
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
126
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
127
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
128
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
consistency
129
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
130
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
131
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
132
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
133
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
134
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
mode
midpoint
median
135
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
beta
delta
gamma
136
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
137
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
138
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
vitreous humor
iris
139
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
episodic
crystallized
procedural
140
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
closure
141
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
introspection
142
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
143
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
surprise
happiness
144
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
145
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
146
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
147
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
functionalism
148
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
149
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
150
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
