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RPTS 615 Review
RPTS 615 Review
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Review for midterm exam
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Questions
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Answers
1
Which of the variables is scale-level (interval/ratio)?
Ads noticed
ID
Days read
All of the above
2
What design is represented with these figures: R X O, R O
Two group quasiexperimen
A descriptive study
A correlational study
Two group true experiment
3
Which of the following is NOT a threat to internal validity of an experiment?
Attrition
History
Maturation
Experimental Setting
4
Which is a construct?
Age
Number of visits to a park
Dollars spent on travel
Self-Esteem
5
What design is this?
Two group, pre-test, post-test design
Interrupted time series quasiexperiment
Interrupted time series experiment.
One shot case study experiment
6
If one variable usually causes a change in another variable, that relation is...
Deterministic
Contingent
Stochastic
Substitutable
7
The difference between the true value of a parameter and the estimate provided by a statistic is...
A correlation coeffient
A t-value
Sampling error
Sampling bias
8
What is wrong: "Do you disagree and want to do something about it?"
Self-report
Double-barreled
Nothing
9
What must be included in a well-written purpose statement?
Null hypotheses
Alternative hypotheses
mention of independent variable, dependent variable, and population
The source of funding (sponsor)
10
A ____ is a testable statement about the empirical relation between variables.
Genus Proxima
Differential specifica
Hypotheses
Conceptual Frameworks
11
In an experiment or quasi-experiment, one or more independent variables are ___________ .
Used to replace the dependent variable
Manipulated
Ignored duirng data analysis
Evaluated separately
12
Scales using the format, "strongly agree; agree, unsure, disagree, strongly disagree" are called...
Semantic differential Scales
Multiple Choice Scales
Likert Scales
Open-End Response Scales
13
What is an operational definition?
A proposition that two variables are related
None of the above
How you improved a variable using mathematical operations
A statement of how you measured or manipulated a variable.
14
If a researcher calculated r from these sample data, what might be her intention?
Neither of the above
To determine if rho = 0 in the population
Both of the above
To degermine if Mu1=Mu2 in the population
15
What hypothesis would be tested by that airline?
Mu1=Mu2=Mu3
All of the above
None. This is a descriptive study.
Rho=0
16
A research question may be a______; a hypothesis may be t______
actual, tentative
alternative, terminal
answered, tested
alternative, treaherour
17
Science is the acquisition of knowledge through:
Reading published literature
Conceptual work and systematic empirical work
None of the above
Conceptual work
18
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
Tourist visitation nubmers for different years
Age, in years
Purchase descision (purchased vs. did not purchase)
Dollars spent
19
What are the two parts of a formal conceptual definition?
Meat and potatoes
Genus proximum and differentia specifica
Population and sample
Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
20
Random assignment means the same thing as arbitrary and hap-hazard assignment.
False
True
21
Randomly choosing intact groups of participants, and then randomly sampling individuals within those groups.
Multi-stage cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling
Convenience Sampling
22
Which of the following is a good strategy for reducing the width of a confidence interval?
Decrease the sample size
Reduce the reliability of the measure
Increase the sample size
Conduct a descriptive study.
23
Ranks of cruise lines: 1=Disney, 2=Norweigian, 3= Carnival. Level of measurement?
Ratio
Interval
Nominal
Ordinal
24
When is assent required (research ethics)?
When chilren are studied
When people over 55 are studied
Always
Both b and c
25
A systematic search, analysis, and integration of existing knowledge.
Science
Qualitative Research
A thesis
A literature review
26
No relation exists between youth program dosage and youth sparks. This statement is...
an alternative hypothesis
a statistical hypothesis
An alternative directional hypothesis
a null hypothesis
27
What is a manipulation check?
A financial instrument used to pay for a treatment.
A replication of an experiment to see if findings are consistent
None of the above.
A procedure used to ensure the treatment was noticed.
28
At what location in a research paper do hypotheses usually first appear?
At the end of the methods section
At the beginning of the results section
At the end of the first paragraph
At the end of the literature reivew
29
A control group in an experiment...
Receives the treatment
Waits to receive the treatment.
Does not receive the treatment
Consists of participants who control who receives treatments.
30
What are the two parts of a formal definition?
Genus proximum and differential specifica
Quantitiatve sector and qualitative sector
Theoretical and ordinary
Independent and dependent
31
Which is true about correlational reseach designs?
They yield greatest confidence in whether cause and effects exist.
They are the only designs used by tourism scholars.
They involve measuring both X and Y at the same time.
They involve manipulating independent variables.
32
Science is the acquisition of knowledge through:
None of the above
Reading published literature
Conceptual work and systematic empirical work
Conceptual work
33
Centurion readership and conservatism: r=.45, p<.05. Which question is important to interpretation?
What contingent variable ) caused the relation to be significant?
Is the relation reversible or irreversible?
Should she have calculated t instead of r?
Is the relation deterministic or stochastic?
34
Science is a relatively objective process to understand the e___ of p____ c______ .
effects...presumed...causes
effects...possible...concepts
efforts...people...cultures
established...principle...and concepts
35
Genus proximum: "Morale: A disposition to act together toward a common goal?"
A disposition to act together
Dispotion and common goal
Toward a common goal
This truth-asserting definition has not genus proximum.
36
According to Zetterberg, by what criteria should propositions be evaluated?
Are relations empirical or conceptual?
Are variables measured or manipulated experimentally?
Are propositions stochastic or deterministic?
Are definitions ostensive or formal?
37
A tourism researcher measured loyalty of the same group of visitors each year for 10 years. What design was used?
Quasi-Experimental
Cross-Sectional
Experimental
Longitudinal
38
Science is the acquisition of knowledge through:
Conceptual work
None of the above
Conceptual work and systematic empirical work
Reading published literature
39
If all students in RPTS 614 is a population, what is a sampling frame?
A list of students enrolled in RPTS 614
The set of steps in the process for selecting a sample.
None of the above
The larger population of TAMU sudents
40
The 95% confidence interval for a difference between means was 10-20. So,
Humiliate the null
Reject the null
Honor the null. Give it a cookie.
Retain the null
41
What are the three major categories of behavioral science research designs?
Descriptive, correlational, and experimental
Descriptive, Experimental, and Quasi-experimental
Deterministic, Stochastic, and Reversible
Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, and Longitudinal
42
Which of the following is NOT a source of construct-related evidence of validity of a measure?
Content-Related Evidence
Criterion-Related Evidence
Internal Consistency Evidence
Predictive Evidence
43
Science is the acquisition of knowledge through:
Reading published literature
None of the above
Conceptual work and systematic empirical work
Conceptual work
44
"Crowding is tension caused by too many people" Type of definition?
Formal
Webesterian
Truth-asserting
Ostensive
45
What type of questionnaire positions adjectives at opposing ends of a questionnaire?
LIkert
Slider Scale
Open-End
Semantic differential/bipolar adjective
46
One of the three main principles in the Belmont Report
Beneficence
Pride in accomplishment
Openness to new ideas
No Risk
47
What is validity of a measure of a concept?
Is it justifiable to make an inference from the test score?
Do all judges agree?
Are all items measuring the same concept?
Will scores change much over time?
48
Which scale has greater internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's Alpha)?
The scale on the right.
I have no clue!
The scale on the left
Both are the same
49
Achievement as measured by this test; what level of measurement?
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
50
General outline for a research paper
DMADV
RPRT
IMRAD
DMAIC
51
How can reliability be increased?
Additional items written in parallel form
Write items unrelated to the concept
Reduce the range of response options to "true" or "false"
Reduce the number of items to five or fewer
52
Success in negotiating a stressor may increase reslience. "Result" (Zetterberg)?
Health increased
Success
Quality of life increased
Resilience
53
The confidence interval for r was -.15 to +.15. So,
Embarass the null
Praise the null
Reject the null
Retain the null
54
Which of the following designs yields most confidence in the existence of cause-and-effect relations?
Cross-Sectional
Experimental
Descriptive
Longitudinal
55
If a study includes only people who identify as "males," what is true?
Sex is a variable
Males is a variable
None of the above
Sex is a constant, not a variable. It does not vary.
56
How many groups in this experiment: R O X O ?
Two
One
Four
Three
57
Which of the following requirements of a cause and effect relation is cannot be controlled in a correlational study?
It must be reasonable to assume that X is a cause of Y
Y must change when X changes
Rival causes must not intervene
X must precede Y in time
58
Hypotheses may be a_____ or n________ .
Assumed or Not
Actual or Neo-Action
Alternative or Null
Action or Nonaction
59
What is true about this distribution?
Neither of the above
It has negative skewness
Both of the above
It has positive skewness
60
What are the four goals of science?
Define, Measure, Analyze, Deploy, Verify
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve
Determine, Describe, Detect. Distribute
Describe, Explain, Predict, Control
61
Which is true about this data matrix?
Categorical. participated, is related to scale (interval), delight
Scale, participated, is related to the categorical, delight.
The variables are not related.
Only descriptive analysis is possible. The relation cannot be tested.
62
What would be an appropriate way to analyze data from the study that generated these data?
Scatterplot and r
All of the above would be fine
Calculate and compare group means
Box plots and r
63
The first international agreement for ethical conduct of research.
Nuremberg Code
Tuskeegee Code
Helsinki Agreement
Belmont Report
64
An airline evaluates reliability of the three type of aircraft it owns. What type of research?
Basic
Applied
Qualitative
Action
65
A researcher administered a new measure to the same group of peole on Tuesday and again on Thursday. Why?
To decrease sampling error
To evaluate test-retest reliability
To evaluate internal consistency reliability
To increase the power of her statistical test
66
Which of the following is a research hypothesis?
As COVID 19 increases, tourism demand decreases
Mu1 = Mu2
Travelers are worred about COVID 19.
rho = 0
67
Not one of the three methods of communicating research results.
Opinion Paper
Published manuscript
Professional talk
Poster presentation
68
What can science NOT do?
Provide evidence of cause and effect.
Answer ethical questions.
Science can do all of these.
Predict population parameters using sample data.
69
What is missing if this is science? If expectations are exceeded, then delight occurs.
A determinant, or presumed cause
An ostensive definition
A "because" statement representing the theory
A Result, or presumed effect
70
If the mean of a variable is 10 in a population (Mu) and a mean in a random sample is 8, what is the sampling error?
18
2
9
10
71
Research participants are fully co-investigators. Type of research?
Qualitative Research
Basic Research
Action Research
Quantitative Research
72
If all members of a population have equal probability of being selected for a sample, our sample is...
A convenience sample
A probability sample or scientific sample
Unsuitable for data analysis
Limited to known parameters
73
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity?
Experimental Setting
History
Interaction with Testing
Sample representativeness
74
What is a conceputal framework?
The same thing as a theory
A graphic of relations among sets of concepts
A structure for writing formal definitions
The same thing as a hypothesis
75
If we used a sample of students in the recreation center to estimate demand for new facilities, our sample would be
A probability sample
A biased sample
A scientific sample
A random sample
76
What is wrong? "I believe good service quality increases loyalty."
Wordy, too complex.
Negative wording.
Vagueness
Replicating the hypothesis
77
Which of the following is a statistical hypothesis?
Both Triangle an diamond
rho = 0
Mu1 = Mu2
As COVID 19 increases, tourism decreases.
78
Which of the following is an online database for finding primary sources?
Google Scholar
Psych Info
Sport Discuss
All of the Above
79
What type of statistics does this table report?
Inferential statistics
Experimental statistics
Correlational statistics
Descriptive Statistics
80
Choosing every kth person after a random start.
Proportional Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic random sampling
Cluster sampling
81
What statistic would likely be calculated to represent the data in this plot?
r, the Correlation Coefficient
F
t-test, dependent samples (matched pairs)
t-test, independent samples
82
Which of the following is the correct classification of this hypothesis: ρ>0
Statistical, null
Research, null
Research, Alternative
Statistical, alternative
83
What is a variable name in this data matrix?
0, 0, 5, 2...
Days read.
Yes
Yes and No
84
What is a bench test?
When you administer your questionnaire to a small sample
When you show a questionnaire to friends for suggestions
All of the above.
When you see if it is strong enough to hold up a bench you are sitting on.
85
What is missing from this methods section: Materials, Participants, Measurement, P_____, Data Analysis
Procedures
Probability of rejecting Ho
Population
Parameters
