Physio Exam I

A GLUT4 transporter in skeletal and adipose tissue is an example of what?

A cell with normal osmolarity is placed into a solution with an osmolarity of 165. What will happen to the cell?

Velocity of muscle shortening is maximal at what point?

Diffusion potentials help to establish what?

Osmosis is not simply diffusion of water; it occurs because of a ____ _____!!

Involving skeletal muscle, these m. fibers are smaller in diameter, higher oxidative capacity, lower glycolytic capacity

Smooth muscle is full of troponin

Dystrophin, titin, and nebulin are all __ __, which help with structure.

This occurs from the end of absolute refractory period thru hyperpolarization & AP occurs w/ larger depolarization.

How is osmotic pressure created?

In the amount of total body water, what percent if extracellular fluid?

What is the purpose of the Golgi tendon?

Ion channel controlled by hormones and neurotransmitters.

Reached when each body fluid compartment has the same concentration of cations as anions

What is the ICF volume of a 36 kg doggo?

A __ __ is a diffusion potential that opposes the tendency for further diffusion of an ion.

When measuring amounts, they are measured in ___. When measuring concentrations, they are measured in ___

Oncotic pressure is an antagonist to which type of pressure?

Nernst equation is used for what?

Ion channel controlled by changes in levels of intracellular signaling molecules

What degrades NE, epi, and dopamine? SATA

Period during which another AP can't be generated.

When mylinating the nerve fiber, insulating the nerves with lipids will...

What is a consequence of an additional charge on an ion that is diffusing, concerning electrolytes. SATA

Why is the latch state so important?

Which of these would increase conduction velocity?

Which is TRUE of facilitated diffusion?

During smooth muscle relaxation, this is produced

The semipermeable membrane is permeable to ____, but not permeable to _____

During this time, NO stimulus can occur, which results in no action potential.

In primary active transport, what creates a potential difference and a charge separation?

Indirectly uses energy by using the Na+ gradient to transport solutes against their concentration gradient.

The phosphorylation of L-type Ca channels increase force and rate of contraction of cardiac m. by

Blocks the release of Ach from presynaptic terminals, causing respiratory failure and paralysis.

Concerning carrier-mediated transport, when is the rate of transport highest?

NaCl would have an osmolarity of ___ mOsm/L

How much total body water does a 52 kg dog have?

In the ICF, the major cations are ___ and the major anions are ___, respectively.

Osmolarity =

A cell with normal osmolarity is placed into a solution with an osmolarity of 326. what will happen to the cell?

In the ECF, the major cations are __ & the major anions are __, respectively.

This happens when AP passes, Ryanodine receptors close, & Ca reaccumulated by SR via the SR Ca pump.

Concerning skeletal m., these fibers are larger in diameter, higher glycolytic capacity, lower oxidative capacity.

Which is true of the cell membrane?

Potential difference that exists across membranes in the period between action potentials.

RMP Range =

Basic unit of a muscle cell, surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum.

These ion channels are controlled by changes in membrane potential

Simple diffusion of non-electrolytes depends on... SATA

This type of transport flows down an electrochemical gradient, & does not use ATP.

During co-transport (symport), all solutes are transported in the same direction. What 2 transporters are involved?

Nerve and muscle cells have a resting membrane potential due to..

Equivalent =

Which of these explains the continually replenished pool of ATP required for muscle contractions?

Tyrosine is a common precursor for which biogenic amines?

Osmole =

What happens when the driving force is negative?

In this synaptic arrangement, a single AP in motorneurons causes many AP's in postsynaptic cells.

Negative ionotropic effect decreases heart rate, while positive ionotropic effect increases heart rate.

In the total amount of body water, what percent is intercellular fluid?

This type of osmotic pressure is specifically exerted by proteins.

Depolarization = membrane potential LESS negative

Instead of sarcomeres, smooth muscle has ___ ___

In this form of Secondary active transport, solutes move in opposite directions.

Muscle spindles are responsible for stretch reflex.

Myofibrils are composed of which of the following?

What is the average blood volume?

Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells depends on....

In the amount of total body water, in the extracellular fluid, what percent is plasma?

How much total body water does a 36 kg dog have?

Hyperosmotic : hypoosmotic

Temporal summation increases force of contraction by repeated stimulation of the m. before it can relax. this results in

What is the logarithmic equation for pH? (pretend that the 10 is in the correct position)

How are resting membrane potentials established?

Nerves that innervate muscle fibers

Inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized from glutamic acid.

Optimal sarcomere length is 2-2.5 micrometers which allows for maximal tension of muscle. Why?

This AA is a MAJOR A EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the CNS.

What degrades the end plate potential during neuromuscular junction events?

Breaks in the myelin sheath every 1-2mm

When is norepinephrine converted to epinephrine?

Spatial summation increases force of contraction by recruiting more muscle fibers. How are m. fibers increased?

Concerning osmotic pressure, H2O wants to move to equalize pressure on both sides of the membrane.

This is ESSENTIAL for contraction of cardiac muscle.

As the AP arrives, its induces a change in the __ __, causing Ca channels to open and release Ca from the SR.

What % of total body water is found in the body?

What is the PLASMA volume of a 322 kg donkey in mL?

Myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments. Describe the thick filaments.

When does extracellular Ca enter the cells via L-type Ca channels?

Cross-Bridge cycling does not require ATP.

The H+/K+ ATPase serves what role?

Na+ contributes to hyperpolarization and K+ contributes to depolarization.

Muscle fatigue is due to a lack of energy sources and not due to metabolic by-products.

solution with a higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell than inside the cell

This transport mechanism DIRECTLY uses ATP.

The only transmitter utilized at the neuromuscluar junction.

Movement of ions across cell membrane occurs when... SATA

These depolarize the cell, opening the Na and K channels. Examples include Ach, NE, Epi, Dopamine, glutamate, serotonin

When can diffusion potential be generated? SATA

Where is calcium bound in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

During this state, myosin stays attached to actin for longer periods instead of dissociating.

These junctions are electrical and connect intercalated disks.

Upstroke of action potentials in nerve & muscle cells & absorption of nutrients are due to....

Transporters for glucose, AA, Ca2+, & H+ directly use ATP.

How are cardiac cells connected?

Concerning an electrical synapse, how does the current flow between cells?

These ions, the ones with the highest permeabilities, contribute most to RMP.

A group of muscle fibers =

Cardiac m. force can be increased by recruiting more muscle fibers or by inducing tetany.

What is the role of the trigger Ca?

Edema can be caused by..

Solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

Action potential occurs in excitable cells with rapid depolarization followed by repolarization.

A gas, __ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in GIT & CNS.