What is the main ethical concern with the use of deception in research?

It can lead to psychological harm or distress for participants

In a between-subjects design, participants:

Are randomly assigned to groups, each experiencing one condition

What is one major limitation of using a cross-sectional survey design?

It cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

What is social desirability bias?

Participants answering in a way they think will be viewed favorably

Deception in psychological research is permitted if:

The research value outweighs the risks and participants are debriefed

Which of the following is an example of test-retest reliability?

The same test gives consistent results when given on different occasions

In a field experiment, researchers:

Manipulate variables in a natural environment

Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?

Reaction time in a cognitive task

What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

To ensure each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition

What is the main purpose of using a control group in an experiment?

To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group

Which of the following is a control variable?

A variable kept constant to prevent it from influencing the outcome

Why is it important to debrief participants after a study?

To inform participants of the study's true purpose and address deception.

What is a between-subjects design?

Different participants are assigned to separate conditions

In what situation is deception allowed in psychological research?

When the research has significant value & participants are debriefed after

What is a confounding variable?

A variable that unintentionally influences the dependent variable

What is an independent variable (IV) in an experiment?

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher

What is a Likert scale commonly used for?

Measuring attitudes on a continuum

What is counterbalancing used for in a repeated measures design?

To control for order effects like practice or fatigue

What is the main strength of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

It provides a high level of control, reducing confounding variables

What is the main purpose of using a control group in an experiment?

To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group

Compare means among three or more groups

What is an operational definition?

A precise way to define how a variable is measured or manipulated

What is the purpose of inferential statistics in research?

To make inferences about a population based on sample data

Why is debriefing important in research?

To inform participants about the true nature of the study

Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended survey question?

"How often do you feel stressed? (Never, Sometimes, Often, Always)"

A major weakness of one-group post-test-only designs is:

Lack of a control group for comparison

Which of the following is an example of a good hypothesis?

Men who sleep more than 8hrs will perform better than those who sleep 6hrs

Construct validity ensures that:

The test measures what it claims to measure

What is informed consent?

Participants are informed about the study's purpose, procedures and risks

What is the primary goal of research ethics?

To protect participants from harm and ensure responsible conduct

What is the main purpose of using the scientific method in psychology?

To test hypotheses and acquire knowledge

A p-value less than 0.05 suggests that:

The results are statistically significant

Which of the following best describes reliability?

Consistency of the measurement over time

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design?

Study comparing naturally occurring groups without random assignment

Which of the following is a key feature of experimental research?

Manipulating an independent variable

What is the purpose of a pilot study?

To test the feasibility of the study and identify potential issues

A longitudinal design is useful for:

Tracking changes over time in the same group of participants

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Research Rumble: Midterm Prep

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Questions 67

Answers

1
Which ethical principle requires that researchers treat participants fairly and distribute risks and benefits equally?
Fidelity & Responsibility
Non-maleficence
Integrity
Justice
2
Which of the following is a ratio scale?
IQ scores
Satisfaction levels on a 1-5 scale
Weight in kilograms
Temperature in Fahrenheit
3
Which of the following would reduce confounding variables in an experiment?
Using a small sample size
Convenience sampling
Avoiding a control group
Random assignment
4
What is the main ethical concern with the use of deception in research?
It can lead to psychological harm or distress for participants
It increases the validity of the research
It increases the cost of conducting the study
It reduces the significance of the findings
5
In a between-subjects design, participants:
Expand all conditions
Are randomly assigned to groups, each experiencing one condition
Act as their own control
Experience all conditions
6
Which section of a research article summarizes the entire study?
Introduction
Methods
Discussion
Abstract
7
What is one major limitation of using a cross-sectional survey design?
It requires repeated measures
It has high participant dropout rates
It is time-consuming and costly
It cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships
8
What is social desirability bias?
Participants answering in a way they think will be viewed favorably
Participants refusing to complete the survey
Participants providing random answers
Participants misunderstanding the survey questions
9
Deception in psychological research is permitted if:
The researcher wants to avoid biasing participants
Participants are not told about the deception afterward
It saves time in the experiment
The research value outweighs the risks and participants are debriefed
10
Which of the following is an example of test-retest reliability?
The same test gives consistent results when given on different occasions
The same test produces different results across different groups
The test measures what it is supposed to measure
Participants improve their performance over time
11
In a field experiment, researchers:
Avoid manipulating variables
Measure variables through self-reports
Conduct experiments in a laboratory setting
Manipulate variables in a natural environment
12
Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?
The dosage of a drug administered
Random assignment of participants
Reaction time in a cognitive task
The type of treatment given
13
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
To bias the results in favor of the hypothesis
To manipulate the dependent variable
To make the sample more diverse
To ensure each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition
14
What is the main purpose of using a control group in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group
To introduce a confounding variable
To manipulate the dependent variable
To expose participants to the independent variable
15
Which of the following is a control variable?
The variable that is manipulated
A variable that changes unexpectedly
A variable kept constant to prevent it from influencing the outcome
The dependent variable
16
Why is it important to debrief participants after a study?
To manipulate the results
To inform participants of the study's true purpose and address deception.
To ensure participants return for future studies
To collect more data
17
What is a between-subjects design?
There is no independent variable
The same participants are tested repeatedly in different conditions
Different participants are assigned to separate conditions
All participants experience all conditions
18
In what situation is deception allowed in psychological research?
When the study has minimal risk to participants
When the researcher does not want to bias participants
When the research has significant value & participants are debriefed after
When participants are not informed about the study
19
What is a confounding variable?
A variable that is intentionally manipulated
A variable that remains constant throughout the study
A variable that unintentionally influences the dependent variable
A variable that serves as a control
20
What is an independent variable (IV) in an experiment?
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
The constant variable
The outcome measured by researchers
A random variable
21
What type of research involves observing behavior without manipulating any variables?
Quasi-experimental
Experimental
Observational
Survey
22
What is a Likert scale commonly used for?
Categorizing participants
Assessing reaction time
Measuring attitudes on a continuum
Ranking participants by performanceof variables
23
What is counterbalancing used for in a repeated measures design?
To increase the sample size
To control for order effects like practice or fatigue
To select participants randomly
To introduce new variables
24
What is the main strength of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
It eliminates the need for a control group
It is easy to generalize findings to the population
It provides a high level of control, reducing confounding variables
It measures natural behavior without intervention
25
What is the main purpose of using a control group in an experiment?
To increase external validity
To measure the effects of confounding variables
To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
To manipulate the independent variable
26
Which method involves sending surveys to participants via mail or email?
Postal or online surveys
Longitudinal surveys
Telephone surveys
Face-to-face interviews
27
ANOVA is used to:
Compare means among three or more groups
Analyze the results of qualitative data
Test the reliability of a survey
Measure correlation between two variables
28
Which section of a research article discusses the implications of the results?
Results
Abstract
Discussion
Methods
29
Which study is an example of ethical violations?
The Tuskegee Study
The visual cliff experiment
The bystander effect study
The Hawthorne Study
30
What is an operational definition?
The general meaning of a variable
A precise way to define how a variable is measured or manipulated
A vague description of variables
A hypothesis about the relationship between variables
31
Which method is best for establishing cause-and-effect relationships?
Experimental method
Correlational method
Survey method
Observational method
32
What is the purpose of inferential statistics in research?
To visualize data
To describe data patterns
To make inferences about a population based on sample data
To calculate descriptive statistics
33
Why is debriefing important in research?
To ensure participants fill out all paperwork
To compensate participants
To manipulate results
To inform participants about the true nature of the study
34
Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended survey question?
"How often do you feel stressed? (Never, Sometimes, Often, Always)"
"What do you think of social media?"
"Describe your feelings about exams."
"What strategies do you use to manage stress?"
35
A major weakness of one-group post-test-only designs is:
Difficulty in interpreting the results
Lack of a control group for comparison
Excessive participant variability
Random assignment
36
Which of the following is an example of a good hypothesis?
Sleep is important for good performance
There is no difference between groups
Men who sleep more than 8hrs will perform better than those who sleep 6hrs
There might be a difference in sleep duration and performance
37
Construct validity ensures that:
The test produces consistent results
The test results can be generalized to other populations
The test measures what it claims to measure
The test is free from bias
38
What type of experimental design involves each participant experiencing all levels of the independent variable?
Between-subjects design
Cross-sectional design
Within-subjects design
Longitudinal design
39
What is informed consent?
An agreement to publish results
Participants receiving a payment for their involvement
Participants are informed about the study's purpose, procedures and risks
Participants agreeing to participate without explanation
40
In which section of a research article would you find the research hypothesis?
Discussion
References
Introduction
Results
41
What is the primary goal of research ethics?
To obtain significant results
To manipulate variables
To ensure participants are paid for their participation
To protect participants from harm and ensure responsible conduct
42
What is the main purpose of using the scientific method in psychology?
To test hypotheses and acquire knowledge
To promote personal beliefs
To create subjective interpretations
To manipulate human behavior
43
A p-value less than 0.05 suggests that:
The hypothesis is incorrect
The results are not significant
The results are due to chance
The results are statistically significant
44
Which of the following best describes reliability?
Consistency of the measurement over time
Validating research outcomes
Measuring what the test claims to measure
Manipulation of variables
45
Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design?
Study comparing naturally occurring groups without random assignment
Randomized controlled trial
Cross-sectional survey
True experimental design
46
Which survey design collects data at a single point in time?
Experimental design
Cross-sectional design
Successive independent samples design
Longitudinal design
47
Which of the following is a key feature of experimental research?
Generalizing findings to the population
Correlating two variables
Manipulating an independent variable
Observing variables
48
The dependent variable (DV) is:
A variable that changes randomly
The outcome that is measured
The factor kept constant
The factor that is manipulated
49
Which statistical test would be appropriate for comparing the means of three different groups?
t-test
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Correlation
50
What is the purpose of a pilot study?
To finalize the hypothesis
To manipulate the dependent variable
To test the feasibility of the study and identify potential issues
To collect the final data
51
A longitudinal design is useful for:
Gathering data from different groups at the same time
Tracking changes over time in the same group of participants
Measuring a variable at only one point in time
Establishing a causal relationship
52
What does a t-test compare?
Correlation between variables
The means of two groups
Relationships between multiple variables
The variance of multiple groups
53
What is the main purpose of a literature review in the introduction?
To provide context for the research
To outline the method
To present results
To introduce the hypothesis
54
Which survey design collects data from participants at multiple points in time?
Observational design
Between-subjects design
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
55
What does a significant p-value (e.g., p < 0.05) indicate?
There is a low probability that the observed results are due to chance
The results are not significant
The null hypothesis is true
The independent variable had no effect
56
In a repeated measures (within-subjects) design, participants:
Experience all levels of the independent variable
Are randomly assigned to different groups
Are unaware of the experimental conditions
Are only measured after the experiment
57
Effect size measures:
The sample size of a study
The strength of the relationship between the IV & DV
The consistency of a measurement tool
Whether results are statistically significant
58
In research, what is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction
A philosophical idea
A proven theory
An opinion
59
Which of the following is a limitation of a within-subjects design?
Requires a large number of participants
Cannot establish cause and effect
Susceptible to order effects
Difficult to randomly assign participants
60
What is the main purpose of counterbalancing in an experiment?
To increase sample size
To assign participants randomly
To reduce participant bias
To control for order effects in repeated measures designs
61
Which of the following is an advantage of using online surveys?
They have higher response rates than face-to-face surveys
They allow researchers to control participant behavior
They can reach a large number of participants at a low cost
They avoid all forms of bias
62
What is an example of an open-ended survey question?
"What strategies do you use to manage stress?"
"Rate your satisfaction on a scale from 1 to 5."
"Do you agree that stress affects performance?"
"How often do you feel stressed? (Never, Sometimes, Often, Always)"
63
What is an example of an ordinal scale?
Reaction time in seconds
Gender (male, female)
Class rank (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
Temperature in Celsius
64
What is the primary advantage of random sampling?
It minimizes the need for ethical approval.
It eliminates the need for a control group.
Ensures each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected
It selects participants based on convenience
65
What does internal validity refer to?
The ethicality of the research
Whether results can be generalized to other populations
The reliability of the measurement tool
The extent to which a study can establish a causal link between the IV & DV
66
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Observation
Data analysis
Hypothesis formation
Drawing conclusions
67
What type of validity refers to whether a test measures what it is intended to measure?
External validity
Predictive validity
Construct validity
Internal validity

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