What are quasi-experimental designs?

Studies with no full randomization

Why is the biopsychosocial model dominant today?

It integrates multiple levels of explanation for better treatment

In psychology, statistical misuse includes:

Overreliance on significance only

What matters when choosing participants?

Sample size, diversity, and randomization

Which symptom cluster is emphasized in DSM diagnosis?

Observable criteria and symptom patterns

What is a modern view on norm and pathology?

Emphasizes context, functionality, and ind. meaning over rigid categories

Plasticity in development means:

Human traits can adapt with experience

Why is pre-registration important?

Increases transparency and reduces bias

The International Classification of Diseases by WHO, used globally

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes:

Integration of biological, psychological, and social factors

How do Erikson and Piaget differ?

B. Piaget focused on thinking; Erikson on emotional-social conflict

How one variable predicts another

DSM-5 and ICD-11 both aim to:

Ensure diagnostic consistency and reliability

What does 'norm' mean in psychology?

What is expected, or statistically common in behavior or mental functioning

What are statistical norms?

Definitions of normality based on average scores or behaviors, such as IQ

What is the medical model of pathology?

See m. disorder as illness with biol. cause; focuse on diagnos and treat.

What is the function of inferential statistics?

Generalize from samples to populations

What are key ethical guidelines in research?

Informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm,debriefing, IRB approval

Which concept does the sociocultural model most emphasize?

Environmental and systemic influences on mental health

What is the behavioral model of pathology?

Focuses on maladaptive learning process, like conditioned fear

What methods are used in qualitative research?

Interviews, thematic analysis, ethnography

What is the biopsychosocial model?

An integrative model that consider biological, psycholog, and social factor

What is a criticism of the medical model?

It can be reductionist and may neglect psychosocial factors

What is the aim of quantitative vs. qualitative research?

Quantitative tests hypotheses; qualitative explores meanings and depth

What best describes the relationship between theory and statistics?

Stats test whether theories match observed data

What is reliability in research?

The consistency of a measurement over time or across observers

What are common tools for data collection?

Surveys, observation, experiments, biometrics

What is a confidence interval?

Range of likely population values

What are functional norms?

Based on one's ability to perform daily tasks and adapt to the environment

Why is effect size important?

Tells how meaningful the result is

Cross-sectional designs measure:

Different age groups at one point in time

How does the DSM-5 differ from earlier versions in approach?

Uses symptom clusters and evidence-based criteria

Why use nonparametric tests?

Data doesn’t meet normality assumptions

Why is data analysis essential?

Tests hypotheses using statistics

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Questions 139

Answers

1
What are quasi-experimental designs?
No structure
Fake experiments
Studies with no full randomization
Experiments with art
2
Why is the biopsychosocial model dominant today?
It avoids using medication
It’s endorsed only in the U.S.
It integrates multiple levels of explanation for better treatment
It’s the most recent model
3
In psychology, statistical misuse includes:
Ignoring all effects
Guessing mean
Publishing raw data
Overreliance on significance only
4
Which research method would best show how identity evolves over decades?
Neuroimaging
Observation
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
5
What matters when choosing participants?
Living nearby
Favorite colors
Fashion style
Sample size, diversity, and randomization
6
A child who is upset when the caregiver leaves but is soothed upon return shows:
Disorganized attachment
Ambivalent attachment
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
7
Which symptom cluster is emphasized in DSM diagnosis?
Neuroimaging results
Projective test results
Dream content
Observable criteria and symptom patterns
8
ANOVA is used when:
Studying only correlations
You only have one score
Comparing 3 or more groups
Testing a single person
9
What is a modern view on norm and pathology?
Emphasizes context, functionality, and ind. meaning over rigid categories
Relies only on past definitions
Disregards individual experience
A. Fixed, universal definitions must be used
10
Plasticity in development means:
Personality is inherited
Brain cannot change
D. Skills are fixed at birth
Human traits can adapt with experience
11
Why is pre-registration important?
Avoids peer review
Replaces sample
Increases transparency and reduces bias
Shortens review time
12
Vygotsky emphasized that learning is driven by:
Reflexes
Cognitive schemas
Social interaction and culture
Logical stages
13
What is the ICD-11?
A U.S.-only educational text
A list of common injuries
The International Classification of Diseases by WHO, used globally
A manual for diagnosing allergies
14
The biopsychosocial model emphasizes:
Social causes only
Psychoanalysis
Genetic determinism
Integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
15
How do Erikson and Piaget differ?
Piaget rejected development theory
Erikson ignored stages
B. Piaget focused on thinking; Erikson on emotional-social conflict
A. Piaget is social, Erikson is cognitive
16
Egocentrism is typical of which Piagetian stage?
Formal operational
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
17
Regression tells us:
Participant emotion
How one variable predicts another
Mean difference
Correlation direction
18
In Erikson’s theory, failure to form close bonds in young adulthood leads to:
Isolation
Inferiority
Role confusion
Guilt
19
Which of the following is a key criticism of DSM-5?
The Lacks biological grounding
Reflects Western cultural bias
Overuses EEG data
Ignores environmental stress
20
DSM-5 and ICD-11 both aim to:
Rate disorder severity on a 10-point scale
Identify malingering
Promote psychoanalytic therapy
Ensure diagnostic consistency and reliability
21
What does 'norm' mean in psychology?
A. A law passed by psychologists
What is expected, or statistically common in behavior or mental functioning
A moral code shared by a family
An educational curriculum
22
What are statistical norms?
Trends in economic reports
Definitions of normality based on average scores or behaviors, such as IQ
Based on religious guidelines
Weather behavior patterns
23
Which model explains PTSD through both brain changes and learning?
Humanistic
Sociocultural
RDoC
Biopsychosocial
24
What is the medical model of pathology?
A. An approach using spiritual healing
Based on group counseling only
See m. disorder as illness with biol. cause; focuse on diagnos and treat.
Treats behavior as learned through culture
25
What is the function of inferential statistics?
Plot scores
Generalize from samples to populations
Sort participants
Describe trends
26
What are key ethical guidelines in research?
Informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm,debriefing, IRB approval
Use deception without telling anyone
Give snacks and prizes
Publish participant names
27
What does APA recommend reporting?
Only t-scores
Graphs only
Just means
Both p-values and effect sizes
28
Which concept does the sociocultural model most emphasize?
Environmental and systemic influences on mental health
Personal growth
Brain structure
Ego and superego conflict
29
What is the behavioral model of pathology?
Focuses on maladaptive learning process, like conditioned fear
Explains disorders based on poor nutrition
Focuses on sleep cycles
Analyzes poetry and dreams
30
What methods are used in qualitative research?
Interviews, thematic analysis, ethnography
Polygraph testing
Silent observation only
Spreadsheet models
31
What is the biopsychosocial model?
An integrative model that consider biological, psycholog, and social factor
A. Combines religion, politics, and nutrition
Explains everything through hormones
A theory of chemical imbalance
32
Which theory sees development as shaped by social tools like language?
Erikson
Bowlby
Piaget
Vygotsky
33
What is a criticism of the medical model?
It’s based on outdated religious theory
It uses only subjective measures
It emphasizes environmental issues
It can be reductionist and may neglect psychosocial factors
34
Which explanatory model emphasizes unconscious drives and early childhood?
Sociocultural
Cognigive-behavioral
Biological
Psychodynamic
35
What is the aim of quantitative vs. qualitative research?
Quantitative is better
Both measure personality scores
Quantitative tests hypotheses; qualitative explores meanings and depth
Qualitative makes people emotional
36
What best describes the relationship between theory and statistics?
Stats test whether theories match observed data
B. Theory replaces data
Stats create theory
37
What is reliability in research?
The cost of testing
The consistency of a measurement over time or across observers
The length of surveys
How often the same participant is used
38
Which theory claims that OCD involves learned rituals and brain overactivity?
Psychodynamic
Biopsychosocial
Sociocultural
Humanistic
39
Which classification system is more widely used in Europe and Poland?
ICD-11
RDoC
DSM-5
MMPI-2
40
What are common tools for data collection?
Astrological charts
Art supplies
Surveys, observation, experiments, biometrics
41
Limitation of correlational research?
Takes too long
Can't prove cause-effect
Too many subjects
Too complex
42
Which model explains schizophrenia by dopamine dysregulation?
Sociocultural
Biological
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
43
What is a confidence interval?
The average score
SD of mode
Chart of emotions
Range of likely population values
44
What are functional norms?
Based on clothing and presentation
Moral beliefs of doctors
What most people prefer to do in groups
Based on one's ability to perform daily tasks and adapt to the environment
45
Why is effect size important?
Tells how meaningful the result is
Replaces p-value
Increases sample
Measures central tendency
46
Cross-sectional designs measure:
Neuroplasticity
The same group repeatedly
Longitudinal brain change
Different age groups at one point in time
47
How does the DSM-5 differ from earlier versions in approach?
Classifies disorders by cause
Uses symptom clusters and evidence-based criteria
Focuses on dreams and repression
Eliminates medical terms
48
Why use nonparametric tests?
Data doesn’t meet normality assumptions
Faster processing
Easier graphs
For large samples
49
Chi-square test is used for:
IQ scores
Skewness
Categorical frequencies
Reaction time
50
Which test predicts one variable from another?
Median test
t-test
Regression
Chi-square
51
Why is data analysis essential?
Gives rewards
Tests hypotheses using statistics
Makes reports longer
Adds images
52
What is cultural relativity in diagnosis?
Diagnosing only by using statistics
A. Everyone should be diagnosed the same way
The idea that definitions of normality vary across cultures
A method for teaching culture in therapy
53
What is the psychodynamic model?
Explains all behavior through social learning
Focuses only on memory loss
Based on food preferences
Explain abnormal behavior as arising from unconscious conflicts (childhood)
54
Why report research findings?
For a raise
Publish in tabloids
Share results ethically and clearly
Get acting jobs
55
Why is subjectivity a challenge in diagnosis?
Clinicians must guess based on handwriting
Patients lie too often
Diagnosis relies on clinician interpretation, which can vary
D. Diagnoses require group therapy
56
When is qualitative research most useful?
For drawing graphs
When doing sports training
When confirming known theories
During exploratory phases and in understanding complex phenomena
57
What is a major critique of p-values?
Easily misused to fake significance
No link to effect
No practical value
Always 0.05
58
Which Piaget stage involves logical operations and conservation tasks?
Formal operational
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
59
What is comorbidity?
A myth in mental health
Two people sharing the same diagnosis
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual
A form of personality disorder
60
The diagnosis of PTSD entered psychiatric manuals primarily after:
The Cold War
WWI
The Holocaust
The Vietnam War
61
A study reports p = .001. This means:
Failed test
High mean
No significance
There’s strong evidence against null hypothesis
62
Piaget believed children construct knowledge through:
Social pressure
Passive memory
Active exploration and interaction with their environment
Conditioning
63
What does effect size show?
Mean differences
Strength of a result
Reliability
Graph size
64
30. Which theory claims that **learning leads development, not the reverse?**
Vygotsky
Piaget
Bowlby
Erikson
65
What are the 4 D's of abnormality?
Distance, Danger, Despair, and Desire
Diet, Defense, Depression, and Drama
Dreaming, Disorder, Direction, and Doubt
Deviance, Dysfunction, Distress, and Danger
66
The “Cultural Formulation Interview” was added in which manual?
ICD-9
DSM-5
DSM-I
RDoC
67
What is the aim of correlational research?
Watch one person
Prove causation
Study variable links without control
Test medicine
68
Longitudinal designs track:
Cultural differences
Parenting styles
The same participants over time
Multiple age groups for 1 day
69
Piaget’s stage with object permanence is:
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Preoperational
Concrete operational
70
What are the risks of stigma in diagnosis?
Patients get more medical support
People become more confident
Treatment becomes more accessible
Labels may lead to social rejection or self-stigmatization
71
What are the three types of normality?
Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious
Private, Public, and Online
Emotional, Physical, and Behavioral
Descriptive, Prescriptive, Functional
72
Which model sees mental illness as a breakdown in congruence between self and experience?
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Biological
Behavioral
73
What is the normal distribution shaped like?
Square
Flat line
Bell curve
Triangle
74
What is Erikson’s developmental conflict in adolescence?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Identity vs. Role Confusion
75
Which model would most likely attribute anxiety to hyperactive amygdala activity?
Biological
Sociocultural
Humanistic
Cognitive
76
What does operationalizing variables mean?
Hiding variable names
Making variables measurable and testable
Grouping similar emotions
Giving them names
77
The RDoC project differs from DSM/ICD in that it:
Seeks to classify mental illness using neuroscience dimensions
Applies only in Europe
Uses only behavioral data
Abandons all diagnoses
78
Which test measures strength of relationship?
Chi-square
Z-test
Mann–Whitney
Pearson’s r (correlation)
79
What is validity in psychological research?
Whether a study appears cool
The ethics of participant payment
A type of brain scan
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
80
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to:
Fully independent tasks
Genetic readiness
Developmental delay
Tasks a child can do with support
81
What defines experimental research?
Control group and random assignment
Use of crystals
Using family members
Guesswork
82
Which of the following illustrates the cultural limitation of standard diagnosis tools?
Misdiagnosing culturally normative behaviors as disorders
Case studies of twins
Brain scans in schizophrenia
CBT’s emphasis on rational thought
83
Which theorist emphasized that identity formation continues through adulthood?
Vygotsky
Ainsworth
Piaget
Erikson
84
Which type of stats describes a dataset’s features?
Normative
Descriptive
Inferential
85
Which explanatory model focuses on poverty, trauma, and social inequality?
Sociocultural
Behavioral
Humanistic
Biological
86
What is qualitative research focused on?
Exploring subjective meaning, experience, and context
Test scores and charts
Brainwave manipulation
Controlling behavior
87
Which of the following is a real-world application of Erikson’s theory?
Reflex assessment
Motor training in infants
Designing language apps
Structuring adolescent therapy
88
What is the main purpose of statistics in psychology?
Writing fiction
Drawing cartoons
Analyze data and test hypotheses
89
How is analysis conducted in each method?
Qualitative uses coins, quantitative uses games
Quantitative ignores data
Quantitative use statistics; qualitative use thematic or narrative analysis
Both rely on emotion
90
What is a downside of longitudinal research?
C. Only for children
A. Quick but shallow data
Time-consuming and participant drop-out
D. Unethical for infants
91
What are ethical concerns in diagnosing pathology?
Focused only on insurance companies
All diagnoses must include medication
is pathology is inherently bad, who defines normality, etc
Ethical concerns are rare in this field
92
Which tool helps visualize data?
Ethics form
Literature review
A. Histogram or scatterplot
93
Structured Piagetian tasks are used to study:
Cognitive development
Social skills
Emotional maturity
Moral decision-making
94
What is the DSM-5?
A political directory
A database of neurological scans
A. A U.S. manual for classifying mental disorders
A list of cognitive terms
95
What historical change was made in DSM-II in 1973?
Psychosis was removed
PTSD was introduced
Disorders were ranked by severity
Homosexuality was removed as a disorder
96
Insecure attachment can lead to:
High cognitive performance
Enhanced moral reasoning
Anxiety and difficulty in later relationships
Improved verbal skills
97
“Koro” and “ataque de nervios” are examples of:
Substance-induced states
Psychosomatic disorders
Culture-bound syndromes
Mood disorders
98
What is 'p-hacking'?
Manipulating analysis to find significance
Coding error
Missing data points
Peer-review bias
99
What is statistical reliability?
Effect strength
Validity measure
Accuracy of data
Consistency of a measure
100
What does validity refer to?
Repeated results
Accuracy of what is being measured
Score speed
Test popularity
101
What are subjective norms?
Norms created by scientists for research
Rules established by political parties
Defined by an individual's internal experience of distress or satisfaction
Opinions shaped by weather
102
In child development ethics, informed consent must be obtained from:
The guardian (and assent from child)
The child only
The school psychologist
The researcher
103
Which disorder is best understood using classical conditioning and trauma triggers?
OCD
Bipolar I
Antisocial personality beh
PTSD
104
What are cultural norms?
Universal legal rules
Biological instincts
Standards of behavior that are typical within a specific culture
Traditions enforced by governments
105
What does ICD-11 include that DSM-5 does not?
Both mental and physical disorders
Psychoanalytic classifications
Projective assessments
Neurological diagnostic tools
106
What is the goal of experimental research?
Collect life stories
Offer therapy
Observe people doing nothing
Prove cause-effect by controlling variables
107
Why is choosing a research design important?
To impress editors
For participant comfort
Affects study time
Matches method to research question
108
The concept of “scaffolding” is most closely tied to:
Erikson’s crises
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Piaget’s schemas
Bowlby’s attachment stages
109
Standard deviation shows:
Confidence
Percentage
Score spread around mean
Central score
110
What is the cognitive model of pathology?
A. Views mental disorders as emotional blockages
Based on dream interpretation
Attributes mental disorders to distorted thinking and irrational beliefs
Considers planetary movement
111
One strength and weakness of descriptive research?
Always fast
Full outcome control
No ethics needed
Rich detail, low control and generalizability
112
The removal of homosexuality as a disorder highlights:
The impact of Freud’s theories
Biological revisionism
ICD’s superiority
The role of cultural and political change in diagnosis
113
What does drawing conclusions involve?
Copying old studies
Drawing findings
Ending research early
Interpreting results and testing hypothesis
114
What is the humanistic model?
Focuses on obedience to authority
Emphasizes personal growth, self-actual; pathology occurs when it’s blocked
Rejects all emotions
Encourages conflict in therapy
115
Which perspective best integrates biological, social, and emotional growth across life?
Modern lifespan developmental view
Reflex theory
Classical conditioning
Trait psychology
116
What is a mixed-methods approach?
Combining therapy and shopping
Combining both quantitative and qualitative methods for depth and breadth
Only used for surveys
Mixing up participant roles
117
DSM-I was heavily influenced by which perspective?
Cultural anthropology
Psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive science
Neuroimaging
118
What is a measure of central tendency?
Confidence interval
Mean, median, mode
Correlation
Standard deviation
119
What are the types of validity?
Objective, random, verbal
Logical, emotional, and visual
Internal(causal)external(generalizable)construct (accurate concept measure)
Constant, changeable, thematic
120
Which test compares 2 group means?
ANOVA
t-test
. Chi-square
Regression
121
What does p < .05 typically mean?
The result is statistically significant
Test was invalid
The mean is 5
No effect detected
122
What was Kraepelin’s major contribution to psychopathology?
Invention of projective tests
Development of cognitive therapy
Study of childhood trauma
Early classification of mental illnesses based on symptoms
123
Who promoted the “moral treatment” movement in the 18th century?
Freud and Jung
Pinel and Tuke
. Skinner and Watson
Beck and Ellis
124
Which model claims depression involves a “negative cognitive triad”?
Biological
Psychodynamic
Cognitive-behavioral
Sociocultural
125
Attachment theory links early bonding with:
IQ
Later emotional regulation
Nutritional habits
Gender identity
126
Which test would you use for comparing anxiety levels in 4 groups?
ANOVA
t-test
Chi-square
Correlation
127
What is psychological pathology?
Forgetting passwords frequently
A medical specialization in surgery
Diagnosing physical diseases
Patterns of thought, emotion, or behavior that are maladaptive or deviant
128
What kind of statistic is variance?
t-score
Measure of spread
Measure of shape
Correlation
129
Which Erikson stage applies to late adulthood?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Integrity vs. Despair
Initiative vs. Guilt
Autonomy vs. Shame
130
What are descriptive research methods?
Case studies, surveys, observation
Voting polls
Celebrity opinions
Only experiments
131
What does developmental psychology study?
Only childhood development
How people change and stay the same across the life span
Personality disorders
Neurological disease in aging
132
Which of the following shows variability in data?
Standard deviation
Mean
Null hypothesis
Mode
133
What is the sociocultural model?
Explains disorders through diet
Highlights the influence of cultural, social, and environmental contexts
Based on numerology
Only focuses on family traditions
134
What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative data types?
Quantitative is always less accurate
. Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/verbal data
Qualitative uses email
Quantitative uses audio files
135
What is the first step in psychological research?
Making a participant pool
Designing ads
Creating a question or hypothesis
Publishing results
136
Sequential design improves on other methods by:
Tracking only infants
Focusing only on one cohort
Avoiding ethical review
Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional advantages
137
Which of the following is not a characteristic of modern lifespan development?
Plastic
Multidimensional
Lifelong
Fixed and non-contextual
138
Naturalistic observation is best used when studying:
Children's real behavior in classrooms
Memory under stress
Schema activation
Hormonal changes
139
What is psychological research methodology?
Collecting client quotes
Creating therapy schedules
Systematic study of behavior using scientific methods
Daily diary writing

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