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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
display rules
2
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
3
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
4
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
5
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
6
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
7
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
8
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
9
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
10
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
color
brightness
11
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
12
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
13
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
extinction
14
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
15
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
16
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
17
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
18
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
19
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
20
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
car-nose
21
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
phonemes
22
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
timbre
decibels
pitch
23
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
24
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
25
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
26
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
sensation
27
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
28
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
29
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
30
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
31
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
32
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
33
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
insomnia
34
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
35
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
36
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
37
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
change
frustration
conflict
38
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
39
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
40
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
percentiles
41
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
42
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
fluid
procedural
43
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
44
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
45
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
46
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
47
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
concrete
postconventional
preconventional
48
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
49
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
50
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
51
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
latency
genital
oral
52
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
53
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
54
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
55
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
lens
56
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
57
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
58
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
59
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
60
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
61
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
62
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
63
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
64
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
65
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
66
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
67
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
68
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
69
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
70
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
71
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
72
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
73
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
74
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
75
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
76
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
77
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
78
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
79
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
80
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
81
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
82
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
83
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
84
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
85
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
schema
chunk
86
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
87
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
88
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
89
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
90
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
group polarization
91
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
construct
criterion-related
92
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
collectivism
attributionism
functionalism
93
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
94
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
95
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
mood
anxiety
96
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
97
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
REM
98
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
99
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
100
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
101
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
102
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
103
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
104
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
105
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
106
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
centration
107
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
symmetry
constancy
108
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
109
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
110
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in openness
low in extraversion
111
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
beta
delta
112
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
113
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
114
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
cannabis
115
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
116
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
a potential score
117
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
118
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
insight
119
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
120
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
121
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
122
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
123
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
124
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test levels
test scales
125
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
126
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
127
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
128
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
129
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
130
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
131
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
132
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
133
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
134
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
stirrup
135
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
marital problems
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
136
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
137
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
138
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
obsessions
139
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
140
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
141
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
mean
midpoint
142
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
143
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
144
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
145
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
146
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
fear
sadness
147
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
148
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
149
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
150
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
