Functionalist Theory has 3 key points

all of the above (wow, shocker)

'Environmental Determinism' states that

culture is determined by the environement

Coined by Boaz, 'Cultural Relativism' refers to

understanding each society/culture in their own terms

Building a hypothesis from observations

What are the 3 key actions associated with exchange

giving, accepting, reciprocation

are made up of parts that have been provided by others

Which option best relates to the word 'etic'

an outsider, or top-down, analytical approach

Organic Solidarity is basically just that

we rely on others because our skill sets are so different

maintains recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom

Unlike status, roles refer to

what you do, not what you are. earned. e.g. teacher/student

Edward B Tyler's Evolutionary approach showing savagary>barbarism>civilisation occurs alongside

animism > polytheism > monotheism

Claude Levi-Strauss states that two things are always happening across cultures

1. incest taboo. 2. who to marry (exchange of women)

Rappaprt's ethnography among the Tsembaga is an example of neo-functionalist theory. It states

all of the above (and massive feast maintains cycle balance)

Using known facts to make a conclusion

provides biological material for a baby (sperm)

ascribed position you have in a series of relationships

attempts to explain the behaviour of all people, everywhere

How does Radcliffe-Brown's 'Structuralism' differ from Malinowski's 'Functionalism'

RB more interested in comparisons/generalisations

The way we curate and share our online identities is an example of

partible persons, cultural capital

Polygamy is when you marry more than one spouse. Polygyny is

is when one man marries more than one woman

Which of the following is a flaw of 'Cultural Materialism'?

Data collected over too small an area

Cultural Determinism states that

nothing has intrinsic value beyond what culture inscribes it

Local tsunami survivors in Aceh, Indonesia viewed international aid as

a gift. Recognition of them as a people on a global scale

'Collective Consciousness' refers to

A set of unifying shared beliefs, morals, ideas in a society

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Anthropology - Whitley

80 termsStudBud Administration14 plays

review for the week 12 quiz

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Questions 80

Answers

1
Patrilineal descent occurs through the male line of a family
false
true
2
Evans-Pritchard states that anthropology isn't about truth and falsity - we just can't know, so
we must suspend our belief, not get caught up in 'rules'
all of the above
all religion is real and rational
beliefs are sociological facts, not theological ones
3
Ontology is about the nature of reality. Epistemology is about the relationship between
both
this probs won't be tested tbh
neither
the researcher or other person and that reality
4
Critiques of Strucutralism include
colonial context ignored. ahistorical
butterfly collecting (descriptive, no questions asked)
all of the above
tries to preserve ideals rather than ask thoughts of locals
5
Functionalist Theory has 3 key points
custom's function = the part it plays in maintaining Society
customs satisfy basic needs through medium of culture
every function interconnected with all others in society
all of the above (wow, shocker)
6
'Environmental Determinism' states that
culture is determined by the environement
both
no thing has intrinsic value beyond what a culture inscribes
neither
7
Coined by Boaz, 'Cultural Relativism' refers to
avoiding critical thought
understanding each society/culture in their own terms
using my understanding of the world to analyse other groups
human diversity and ethnographic fieldwork
8
Induction involves
Building a hypothesis from observations
Predicting what should occur based on confirmed facts
immersing yourself in a culture
a sweet as microwave
9
What are the 3 key actions associated with exchange
giving, selling, buying
giving, accepting, reciprocation
acceptance, giving, selling
giving, rejecting, reciprocation
10
Critiques of the Cultural Materialist approach include
all of the above
data sets too small - can't generalise accurately
data sets collected over too short a time to generalise
pseudo-scientific rationalisation of infanticide etc.
11
The Shilluk People
all of the above
had colonials easily replace head figures with puppet leader
King embodies their god. Changeless moral order
have an extremely organised political system
12
According to Harris, pigs have historically been avoided in some cultures because
certain geographical areas better suited to other animals
1 and 2
they can't be milked, plow, reproduce quickly
they are dirty and out of place (a la Mary Douglas)
13
Partible Persons
are double jointed
are individuals seeking conspicuous consumption
people within an acephalous society
are made up of parts that have been provided by others
14
What is 'Cultural Capital'
things like taste, dress, education, skills, manners
all of the above
cultural knowledge that serves as currency
helps us navigate experiences and opportunities available
15
The Nuer are
made up of segmented structure relations
the neighbours of the Shilluk
all of the above
known for having an acephalous society
16
Which option best relates to the word 'etic'
an insider, or bottom-up, approach
an outsider, or top-down, analytical approach
the locals' words and perspectives are the starting point
values the perspectives of the people we sudy
17
Endogamy is
a form of ethnocentrism
a product of cultural relativism
marrying within your group
marrying outside of your group
18
Organic Solidarity is basically just that
we love our families and survive by doing the same trade
starting from the general and moving to the particular
we rely on others because our skill sets are so different
farms shouldn't use pesticides
19
A big man
maintains recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom
lives in a nomadic society
must have formal authority over tribe
has ascribed NOT achieved leadership
20
Unlike status, roles refer to
a delicious lunch treat
what you do, not what you are. earned. e.g. teacher/student
all of the above
ascribed class and gender in society
21
Edward B Tyler's Evolutionary approach showing savagary>barbarism>civilisation occurs alongside
giving > receiving > reciprocating
animism > polytheism > monotheism
monotheism > animism > polytheism
cosmology > ontology > epistemology
22
Why were headless societies problematic for colonial leaders
neither
both
colonial appointed leaders not followed by others
leadership needs to be achieved not simply ascribed
23
Claude Levi-Strauss states that two things are always happening across cultures
1. Incest 2. religion
1. religion 2. hierachy
1. incest taboo. 2. who to marry (exchange of women)
1. religion 2. marriage
24
By looking at examples of witchcraft possession and magic, anthropology shows us that
neither
'truths' including 'scientific knowledge' are constructed
if you act like you believe, you end up believing as you act
both
25
Some problems with/critiques of 'cultural relativism' are that it is
pits cultural diversity against universal human rights
conflates all cultures as equal and can approve genocide etc
1 and 3
it devalues Western thought which is clearly superior
26
Marcel Mauss' 'The Gift' talks about
Tonga - fixed property
all of the above
Hau - spiritual force. Gift possesses something of giver
Oloa - moveable goods
27
To generalise, anthropology uses 'X' reasoning more than other disciplines (such as economics)
Induction
Deduction
28
Rappaprt's ethnography among the Tsembaga is an example of neo-functionalist theory. It states
Pigs = wealth so you want to grow a lot of yams to feed them
only women grow yams so polygamy needed to get more pigs
more land needed for yams so fighting neighbours is logical
all of the above (and massive feast maintains cycle balance)
29
Deduction involves
Reducing kinship structures down to a base family
Sherlock
Using known facts to make a conclusion
Using observations to make a conclusion
30
Phenomenology
is a comparative study of beliefs and rites
about describing others' customs/beliefs w/o judgement
distinct from theology
all of the above
31
The 'Nacirema'
all of the bove
makes the familiar strange
shows how words and assumptions influence our understandings
clever exploration of American culture
32
A genitor
provides biological material for a baby (sperm)
provides biological material for a baby (egg/ovum)
a mandatory step in creating a child
none of the above
33
What is 'Status'
a display of wealth and conspicuous consumption
ascribed position you have in a series of relationships
inherent ranking within hierarchy since birth
an earned role. what you do.
34
a social mother i.e. one who raises the child but did not provide biological material is a
mater
pater
genitrix
genitor
35
Grand Theory
is a theory that is free from any flaws
is rejected by the anthropological discipline
is the product of armchair anthropolgists
attempts to explain the behaviour of all people, everywhere
36
Exogamy is
when you end a marriage
marrying within your group
when you marry more than one person
marrying outside of your group
37
The Nuer
smaller tensions dissolve in face of larger threat
at any moment can gain membership to a group to oppose other
negotiate their position depending on issue at hand
all of the above
38
Cultural Materialism is an an example of
Environmental Determism
Environmental Consumption
Material Determinsim
Cultural Determinsm
39
How does Radcliffe-Brown's 'Structuralism' differ from Malinowski's 'Functionalism'
RB more interested in comparisons/generalisations
RB focuses on ethnography and individualised views
40
Social Sanctions encourage some beahviours and discourage others. They can be
satirical, immediate and/or delayed
negative e.g. fines, prisons, or positive e.g. praise, H1s
connected to all norms. together help control social order
all are correct
41
The way we curate and share our online identities is an example of
partible persons, cultural capital
social media's darkside
none of the above
gift giving, etic views, cultural relativism
42
Polygamy is when you marry more than one spouse. Polygyny is
one woman marrying multiple husbands
is when one man marries more than one woman
43
Which of the following is a flaw of 'Cultural Materialism'?
The Inuit people never actually committed infanticide
Objects can fall outside of a binary classification
Ahistorical
Data collected over too small an area
44
Cultural Determinism states that
some culture are determined to advance more than others
Bee is the best tutor ever :P
culture is determined by the environment
nothing has intrinsic value beyond what culture inscribes it
45
A ritual requires 4 categories
only 1 (top left)
follow some sort of ritual schema and be encoded in myth
repetitive social practice & distinct from daily routine
both
46
Local tsunami survivors in Aceh, Indonesia viewed international aid as
worthy of the same criticism as their local government
Humiliating. Aid commoditised to make charities look good
a gift. Recognition of them as a people on a global scale
turning them into passive recipients, devoid of status
47
The Gypsy notion of 'Marime' is
avoiding food prepared by non gyspies (bc. unclean)
condition of ritual impurity Results in relatives shunning u
all of the above
compounding negative experiences of Gypsies in jail
48
Matrilineal =
a biological child's title
descent through female line
descent through male line
a social kin network concept
49
'Collective Consciousness' refers to
A set of unifying shared beliefs, morals, ideas in a society
Moving from the particular to the general
An experience of group spirit possession
The Nuer's mode of thinking
50
A genitrix provides biological material for a baby (egg/ovum)
true
false
51
Which best relates to 'Structuralism'
people seen as roles and statuses (more than individuals)
how these different parts affect each other (functionalism)
how society divides itself into ordered parts
all of the above
52
Criticisms of Functionalism include
presents groups/cultures as static, bounded wholes
'butterfly collecting' i.e. devoid of meaning
all of the above
ignored conflict + social change e.g. colonial contact
53
If Exogmay refers to rules relating to marriage outside a particular group.. Endogamy refers to
ending a relationship
marriage and exchange of gifts
nothing - it's a made up word
rules relating to marriage within a particular group
54
Durkheim is known for
Gifts and spirits
Structuralism
Studying social facts, collective consciousness
exploring Australian history using an etic lens
55
A criticism of Radcliffe-Browns Structural Functionalism is that
what is functional for one person might not be for another
it uses induction reasoning only
it can be one-sided and determinist
1 and 3
56
According to Durkheim, 'Mechanical Solidarity' refers to societies made up of
interdependence , specialised work, modern societies
Small scale, self sufficient kin, similar roles, Clctv Consc
Communism and/or Socialism
Organic Solidarity from an etic perspective
57
The 'Kula Ring'
is a silent form of trade
is a marriage ring made of shells
is found among the Galapagos Islanders
is a circular trade route along which various goods flow
58
Two critiques of structuralism are
both
comes close to cultural determinism
it has a static view of culture. binary logic and no change
neither
59
Structuralists state whales and dolphins evoke human sentiment because
all of the above
'anomolous'. seen as mammals of the sea
categorised positively as opposite of humans
of their location within classification systems........
60
Structural functionalism is the notion that all social and cultural behaviour relates to
satisfying basic individual human needs
viewing society as more than the sum of individuals
understanding cultures in their own terms
maintaining wellbeing of whole group i.e. 'social structure'
61
Harris' (Cultural Materialism) states that
materials are culturally constructed
it is the opposite of environmental determinsim
environment/needs of ecolog adpation limit/constrain people
none of the above
62
Malinowski's 'Functionalism' is a Grand Theory that argues all parts of society
are just trivial interactions without meaning
function to satisfy the individual's biological/basic needs
have a high division of labour to keep strong kin ties
are the product of colonialism
63
The Leopard Skin Chief
does not give advice or solve conflicts
is not a political authority, but acts as an intermediary
is a clearly defined and ranked leader
has formal power
64
An 'Acephalous System' (aka egalitarian/non-stratified) is
a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies
a form of nepotism
doomed to anarchy, failure
only found in countries like the US, UK, AUS
65
According to Hermann, a garage sale is best described as
balanced reciprocity
an exchange of commodities
a symmetric gift exchange
a mixture of commodity and gift exchange
66
Structuralism is an example of
Cultural Determinism
Environmental Determinism
Post-Functionalism
Cultural Materialism
67
The Zapotech people value
the leopard skin chief
prosecuting individuals over finding a peace bt. disputants
keeping the balance over pointing the finger (like US legal)
none of the above
68
Ethnocentrism is the
belief in superiority of one's own culture e.g Nazism
view that social facts are general to the whole society
acceptance of all cultures as being equally valuable
belief that behaviours reinforce group cohesion e.g. ritual
69
Reciprocity refers to
two or more people exchanging gifts
the principle that informs acts of exchange.
steeling sheep
the same thing as exchange
70
'Pater' refers to a
biological parent
social mother
social father
social parent
71
Structuralism states that the significance of objects
derives from intrinsic material qualities e.g. hot pork rots
derives from their location within a system of categories
72
Polygamy is when you marry more than one spouse. Polyandry is
when a woman marries multiple husbands
when a man marries more than one woman
73
Cosmology is the
same for every person.
opposite of anthropology
ideas/explanations people have about the cosmos. their world
study of planets and other universes
74
Durkheim believes that all cultures begin with
love <3
functions
low division of labour, & some develop into high division
specialised skill sets
75
Emic best refers to
the opposite of functionalism
perspective is an inside view (indigenous voice)
another word for functionalism
perspective is an outside analytic view (my voice)
76
What is 'Conspicuous Consumption'?
privately hoarding goods away from public eye for worship
It marks the period of post GFC spending
the power to give and the power to consume - wealth display
the ritual act of feasting at a potlach
77
Cultural Relativism...
all of the above
highlights our biases, allows us to see/use dif perspectives
idea that all practices are learned through enculturation
not the same as moral relativism
78
In theoretical principle, structuralism is closet to
Environmental Determinism
Cultural Materialism
Environmental Materialism
Cultural Determinism
79
In Structuralism the most significant objects are those revered or subject to taboo
true
false
80
Which term describes social life from the observer's point of view?
subjective
etic
emic
objective

Anthropology - Whitley Flashcards | StudBud