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Soils and Weathering, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Flashcards | StudBud
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Soils and Weathering, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
Soils and Weathering, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
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geology #sedimentaryrocks #metamorphicrocks #soilsandweathering
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1
Process of binding of particles by minerals acting like glue that get deposited in pores
reduction
compaction
mineral cementation
crystallization
2
Environmental impact(s) of climate change is/are
air pollution and acid rain
heavy metal contamination of soil and water
global warming/climate change
all of the above
3
Reaction of metallic elements (mainly iron) in minerals with oxygen; rusts rocks
hydrolysis
oxidation
sheeting
solution
4
Rock that forms by recrystallization without melting due to heat and/or pressure
metamorphic rock
igneous rock
sedimentary rock
pyroclastic rock
5
Loose materials transported and deposited by erosion
soil
sediment
parent material
regolith
6
Structure on surface of layers caused by wave currents or wind currents
ripple marks
mudcracks
nodules
geodes
7
Type of coal that is medium grade, medium % carbon, medium energy output and medium pollution
lignite
sub-bituminous
bituminous
anthracite
8
The cause of foliated texture is
all of the above
chemically active fluids
due to direct pressure that runs 90° to axis of compression
heat
9
Structure on surface of layers that is networks of cracks broken into polygons by drying of mud
mudcracks
concretions
ripple marks
nodules
10
Downslope movement of rock and soil from gravity
erosion
exfoliation
weathering
mass wasting
11
Most important factor(s) that determine soil profile are
all of the above
parent material
climate
vegetation
12
Components of soil are
humus
air and water
all of the above
regolith
13
Metamorphic rock texture that shows random crystal alignment w/o layers, bands, rock cleavage
wavy
nonfoliated
foliated
marbling
14
Type of contact metamorphism where mineral-rich water moves through rock pores and changes it
regional
directed pressure
thermal
hydrothermal (hot water)
15
Structure found within layers that is a rock with a hollow cavity that is lined with crystals
concretion
geode
fossil
nodule
16
How are sedimentary rocks distributed?
only found near bodies of water
make up most of the earth's crust
make up little of crust but widespread on surface of earth
make up most of the earth
17
Type of coal that is high grade, high % carbon, high energy output, low pollution; metamorphic
bituminous
lignite
sub-bituminous
anthracite
18
Wearing away and transport of rock and soil
rock slide
erosion
chemical weathering
weathering
19
Structure found within layers that is a local concentration of the mineral cement
nodule
strata
geode
concretion
20
Most radical type of metamorphism because elements can be removed and added
thermal
hydrothermal (hot water moving through)
regional
chemical
21
Metamorphic rock texture that is defined as a preferred crystal alignment
nonfoliated
foliated
banding
marbling
22
Agent(s) of metamorphism is/are
heat (recrystallize minerals into new minerals when heated)
chemically active fluids (fluids promote recrystallization)
all of the above
pressure (changes texture of rock)
23
Sedimentary rock texture that is "broken" rocks made of particles cemented +/- compressed
bioclastic
crystalline
clastic
organic
24
Fossil fuel made from organic matter (plants and animals) deposited in shallow marine/ deltas
anthracite
methane
petroleum oil and natural gas
coal
25
Type of sediment that comes from extracted salts by living organisms (shells, corals, etc.)
humus
chemical
biochemical
detrital
26
Fossil fuels are being consumed at rates BELOW their rates of formation
False
True
27
Type of metamorphism where heat from magma affects surrounding rock
all of the above
contact
foliated
regional
28
Water freezing and expanding in cracks of rocks is called
exfoliation
oxidation
frost wedging
root wedging
29
Type of sediment formed by inorganic precipitation of dissolved salts in water
humus
detrital
biochemical
chemical
30
Type of coal that is low grade, low % carbon, low energy and high pollution
bituminous
anthracite
lignite
sub-bituminous
31
Formation of an oil/gas reservoir requires
cap (i.e., impermeable) rock that seals the trap
source rock to form oil and gas, and porous rock to store it
a trap (i.e., structure) that collects oil and gas
all of the above
32
When rock chemically changes into minerals more stable on earth's surface is called
mechanical weathering
chemical weathering
exfoliation
oxidation
33
major causes of soil erosion
inadequate windbreaks
all of the above
failure to rotate crops and livestock overgrazing
poor farming techniques, and slash and burn of forests
34
Horizon of partially altered parent material
C horizon
bedrock
B horizon (subsoil)
soil
35
Structures on surface of sedimentary layers
ripple marks and mudcracks
nodules
cross-beds
layers
36
Structure found within layers that is a local concentration of a foreign mineral
geode
concretion
mudcrack
nodule
37
Horizon of soil with mostly organic matter (leaves, twigs, etc.)
E horizon
A horizon (lower topsoil)
Subsoil
O horizon (upper topsoil)
38
Fossil fuels consist of
natural gas
all of the above
coal
petroleum oil
39
Sedimentary rock texture that is made of organic hydrocarbons
clastic
bioclastic
organic
crystalline
40
Organic matter (decayed pants and animals) part of soil is called
humus
hysrolysis
carbon
regolith
41
Sedimentary rocks are classified by
origin
mineral composition
texture and grain size
all of the above
42
Type of sediment that is materials from land that consist of particles like gravel, sand, mud
chemical
humus
biochemical
detrital
43
Soil divided into layers called "soil horizons" makes up the
soil profile
regolith
strata
humus
44
Horizon of mostly organic mineral matter and some humus; some minerals get removed
E horizon
Bedrock
B horizon
A horizon (lower topsoil)
45
Breaking of rock into smaller pieces w/o changing composition
mass wasting
erosion
mechanical weathering
landslide
46
Nonfarming causes of soil erosion
clear cutting of forests
urbanization and overpopulation
all of the above
drought
47
Plutons on earth's surface crack to form layers due to weight of overlying rocks removed
frost wedging
root wedging
exfoliation
oxidation
48
Oil and gas rise through pores and cracks in sediment due to its
water content
air volume
high density
low density
49
Transformation of sediment into stone by compaction, cementation, (re)crystallization
detrital
lithification
deposition
crystallization
50
Type of metamorphism that is recrystallization of vast volume of rock from widespread H and P
contact
hydrothermal
thermal
regional
51
Type of parent material of sediment deposited on top of bedrock by water, wind, ice/glaciers
bedrock
rock
transported materials
regolith
52
Horizon of accumulation of clay and oxide minerals from above
bedrock
A horizon (lower topsoil)
O horizon (upper topsoil)
B horizon (subsoil)
53
Rock formed by plant debris (hydrocarbons) deposited in stagnant low oxygen waters
coal
oil
fossil
natural gas
54
decomposed and disintegrated mineral part of soil is called
solution
humus
soil profile
regolith
55
Decomposition and disintegration of rock
weathering
rock slide
erosion
mass wasting
56
Process of reduction in volume of particles by weight of overlying sediment squeezing air out
compaction
layering
cementation
crystallization
57
A poor farming technique that results in soil erosion and infertile/poor soils for agriculture
untilled buffer zones and windbreaks
terracing slopes
low till/no till and contour plowing
excessive/deep plowing
58
A stack of sets of tilted strata formed by migration of a slope on which sediment is deposited
layering
cross-bedding
stratum
normal bedding
59
Parent material that is a rock formation lying beneath soil
humus
regolith
bedrock
transported material
60
Soil formed by parent material sediment deposited by water, wind, ice/glaciers
transported soil
regolith
humus
soil profile
61
Type of contact metamorphism where surrounding rock is "baked" by magma recrystallizing it
hydrothermal (hot water)
thermal
regional
directed pressure
62
Horizontal layers that get deposited one on top of another
layering
cross-bedding
normal/horizontal bedding
strata
63
The reaction of a mineral with water to form hydrated minerals, usually clay minerals is called
hydrolysis
exfoliation
oxidation
erosion
64
Dissolving away of rock by acidic water under ground to form ions in solution
infiltration
solution
exfoliation
hydrolysis
65
Trait(s) of foliated texture is/are
all of the above
wavy or straight layers
banding (separation of light and dark minerals)
rock cleavage (rock splits parallel to its foliation)
66
Type of weathering when plant roots grow in cracks of rocks
chemical weathering
exfoliation
root wedging
frost wedging
