A controlled experiment is one that

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

What would happen to DNA molecules treated with enzymes that break down DNA?

The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken

which action could produce a carbonyl group

the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen

Food chains are sometimes short because

most energy in the trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next level

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science

hypotheses=relatively narrow in scope; theories=broad explanatory power

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because

protists have a membrane-bound nucleus

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that

its genetic diversity is very low

Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they

prey on the communities dominant species

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based?

poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? (PC= primary consumers)

Toxic chemicals in environments pose more risk to top predators than PC

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

tropical regions have more available water and higher levels of radiation

When climbing a mountain we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes...

in biomes at different latitudes

According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(K-N/K)

population growth is zero when N equals K

You apply fungicide to a cornfield. What would you expect to happen to the rate of decomp. and net ecosystem production?

Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms

the structure and function of DNA

Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions

The atom has more electrons than protons

If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be

winds blowing from west to east along the equator

According to Hamilton's rule, (NS is natural selection)

NS favors altruistic acts when resulting gain of recipient exceeds altruist

Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by

converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb

In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that

the element is required in very small amounts

The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results EXCEPT:

Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas

Which structure-function pair is MISMATCHED?

microtubule; muscle contraction

Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes?

Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that

the members of the population are competing for access to a resource

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a pop. in an extinction vortex?

Introduce new individuals transported from other pops of the same species

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell?

ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity which ISNT correct

About 25% of Earths land area is now protected

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AP Biology Final Review

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1
Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound,sulfur+hydrogen
H^2S
H^4S
HS^2
HS
2
A controlled experiment is one that
tests experimental and control groups in parallel
proceeds slowly enough that scientist can make a careful record of results
keeps all variables constant
is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate
3
What would happen to DNA molecules treated with enzymes that break down DNA?
The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
The two strands of the double helix would seperate
4
Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has
one more neutron
one more electron
a different atomic number
one more proton
5
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
All of these pairs are correct
5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3'
5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3'
5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
6
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's
secondary succession
ecological niche
species richness
trophic structure
7
which action could produce a carbonyl group
the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen.
the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
the addition of a thiol to a phosphate
8
What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in the last question?
10^-7 M
10.0 M
10^-10 M
10^-4 M
9
Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?
iteroparous; K-selected
semelparous; K-selected
iteroparous; r-selected
semelparous; r-selected
10
We can be sure that a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
Number of molecules
Number of atoms
Mass
Volume
11
Food chains are sometimes short because
most energy in the trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next level
only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species
most producers are inedible
extinction of species causes extinction for other species in its food chain
12
The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state known as
thermodynamics
biogeochemistry
restoration ecology
eutrophication
13
Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope
chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
14
Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science
theories are hypotheses that have been proved
hypotheses=relatively narrow in scope; theories=broad explanatory power
hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers
theories are proved true; hypotheses are often contradicted by exp. results
15
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
protists have a membrane-bound nucleus
bacteria are not made of cells
protists eat bacteria
protists are photosynthetic
16
One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that
its effective population size is much lower than its total population size
it is rare, top-level predator
its genetic diversity is very low
it is not well adapted to edge conditions
17
Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they
reduce the number of disruptions in the community
prey on the communities dominant species
competitively exclude other predators
prey only on the least abundant species in the community
18
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based?
overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources
a population can become adapted to its environment over time
There is heritable variation among individuals
poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring
19
Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? (PC= primary consumers)
The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is higher than the biomass of PC
Only a small portion of energy captured by producers is transferred to C
Pops of top predators are smaller than pop. of PC
Toxic chemicals in environments pose more risk to top predators than PC
20
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems?
organismal ecology
landscape ecology
community ecology
ecosystem ecology
21
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?
influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses vs wildflowers
influence of temperature on competition among plants
limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
22
Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is INCORRECT?
The survivorship curve is Type I
The population has undergone the demographic transition
Average family size is relatively small
Life history is r-selected
23
The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that
diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases
tropical communities are younger
tropical regions have more available water and higher levels of radiation
higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation
24
When climbing a mountain we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes...
in an ecosystem as it evolves over time
in biomes at different latitudes
in different depths in the ocean
in a community through different seasons
25
Which of these ecosystems has the LOWEST net primary production per square meter?
a salt marsh
an open ocean
a coral reef
a tropical rainforest
26
According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(K-N/K)
population growth is zero when N equals K
the # of individuals added per unit of time is largest when N is close to 0
the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K
the population grows exponentially when K is small
27
Which of the following organisms is INCORRECTLY paired with its trophic level?
fungus; detrivore
grasshopper; primary consumer
zooplankton; primary producer
cyanobacterium; primary producer
28
You apply fungicide to a cornfield. What would you expect to happen to the rate of decomp. and net ecosystem production?
Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase
Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease.
Neither would change
Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease
29
Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms
the structure and function of DNA
descent with modification
emergent properties
natural selection
30
All the organisms on your campus make up
an ecosystem
a community
a population
a taxonomic domain
31
What coefficients must be placed so that all atoms are accounted for in the products C^6H^12O^6 to ____C^2H^6+____CO^2
3;1
2;2
2;1
1;3
32
Amylase can break down glycosidic linkages in a form, which of the following could amylase break down?
cellulose and chitin
starch, chitin, cellulose
glycogen, starch, amylopectin
glycogen and cellulose
33
Cyanide binds to at least 1 molecule involved in producing ATP. If the cell is exposed to it, most of it will be in the
ribosomes
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
34
Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions
The atom has more electrons than protons
the atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of the same element
the atom has more neutrons than protons
the atom has more protons than electrons
35
If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be
a loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes
a big change in the length of the year
winds blowing from west to east along the equator
the elimination of ocean currents
36
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
nuclear envelope
ribosome
chloroplast
mitochondrion
37
According to Hamilton's rule, (NS is natural selection)
NS favors altruistic acts when resulting gain of recipient exceeds altruist
effects of kin selection are larger than effects of direct NS on individual
NS does not like altruistic behavior that causes death of altruist
NS more likely favors altruistic behavior that helps offspring than sibling
38
Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?
Table Salt
Wax
Sugar
Paper
39
Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by
incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds
converting nitrogen gas to ammonia
converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb
releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil
40
In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that
the element is very rare on earth
element can be used as label to trace atoms through a organism's metabolism
the element is required in very small amounts
element enhances health but is not essential for the organism's survival
41
The # of bird species is determined by the # of vertical strata found in the environment. Which biome would most be in?
savanna
tropical rainforest
temperate broadleaf forest
desert
42
The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results EXCEPT:
Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem
The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area went up
Deforestation increased water runoff
Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas
43
Which structure-function pair is MISMATCHED?
ribosome; protein synthesis
Golgi; protein trafficking
nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits
microtubule; muscle contraction
44
Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes?
Oligotrophic lakes contain larger amounts of decomposable organic matter
Rates of photosynthesis are lower in eutrophic lakes
Oligotrophic lakes are more subject to oxygen depletion
Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients
45
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that
resources are distributed unevenly
the density of the population is low
the members of the population are competing for access to a resource
members of the population are neither attracted nor repelled by one another
46
organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of hydrocarbons
the study of carbon compounds
the study of natural (as oppose to synthetic) compounds.
the study of compounds made only by living cells
47
According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is
large and remote
small and remote
small and close to mainland
large and close to mainland
48
Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a pop. in an extinction vortex?
Introduce new individuals transported from other pops of the same species
Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population
Control pops of the endangered pops predators and competitors
Establish a reserve that protects the populations habitat
49
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell?
Golgi to ER to lysosome
nucleus to ER to Golgi
ER to lysosomes to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
50
Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity which ISNT correct
It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots
National parks are one of many types of protected areas
Management(M) of a protected area should be coordinated w/M of land around
About 25% of Earths land area is now protected
51
which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton.
C៴2H៴4
C៴3H៴8
C៴2H៴6
C៴2H៴2
52
Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that
industrialized countries resource demand is smaller than the footprint
Earths carrying capacity would go up if percapita meat consumption increase
its not possible for tech. improvements to increase carrying capacity
the ecological footprint of the US is big because percapita resource use is
53
During exponential growth, a population always
quickly reaches its carrying capacity
has a constant, instantaneous per capita growth rate
cycles through time
loses some individuals to emigration
54
Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen
10p^+, 8n^0, 9e^-
9p^+, 9n^0, 9e^-
7p^+, 2n^0, 9e^-
8p^+, 10n^0, 8e^-
55
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?
the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem
the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem
the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers
56
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by
frequent massive disturbance
human intervention to eliminate disturbance
moderate levels of disturbance
stable conditions with no disturbance
57
Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry
If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis
if I generatea testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it
if my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis
if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results
58
Although many chimps live in environments with oil palm nuts, few use stones to break them. The likely explanation is
the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences in populations
the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has only risen in some
members of different populations have different nutritional requirements
members of different populations differ in learning ability
59
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
Mitochondrion
Central vacuole
centriole
Chloroplast
60
A slice of pizza has 500 kcal, and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water how much would the temp go up
100 degrees C
50 degrees C
10 degrees C
5 degrees C
61
Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to
determine a population's carrying capacity
determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population
determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes
determine the factors that regulate the size of a population
62
Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that
both hare and lynx populations are regulated mainly by abiotic factors
the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is k-selected
predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling
they are so dependent that the species cannot survive without the other
63
Which of the following is true of UNSATURATED fats?
They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
They contain more H than do saturated fats having the same # of C atoms
They generally solidify at room temperature
They are more common in animals than plants
64
Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from a individual animal
organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ
organism, brain, organ system, nerve cell
nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
organ systen, nervous tissue, brain, nerve cell
65
Which of the following is true about innate behaviors?
They occur with or without environmental stimuli
They are expressed in most individuals in a population
Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes
They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals
66
Which of the following is NOT required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
Individuals reproductive success depends on how the behavior is performed
The behavior varies among individuals
In each individual the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes
Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited
67
What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?
habitat alteration fragmentation and destruction
overharvesting of commercially important species
introduce species that compete with native species
pollution of earths air water and soil
68
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data
the contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds
the six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks each
the fish swam in a zigzag motion
the temperature decreased from 20 degrees to 15 degrees
69
Which statement about dispersal is FALSE?
colonization of areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on it
dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary timescale
the ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribution of species
dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals
70
The reactivity of an atom arises from
the potential energy of the valence shell
average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus
the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells
existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
71
The principle of competitive exclusion states that
two species cannot coexist in the same habitat
two species will stop reproducing until one leaves the habitat
competition between 2 species always causes extinction or emigration of 1
2 species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
72
Girl sandpipers forcefully court males and leave clutch with them until none are left, what best describes this behavior
promiscuity
certainty of paternity
polygyny
polyandry
73
Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?
a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns
vegetation demonstrating vertical layering
clear boundaries between adjacent biomes
cold winter months
74
Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? (2=to)
adding seeds of chromium-accumulating plant 2 soil contaminated by chromium
reconfiguring the channel of a river
using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine
adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to degraded ecosystems to increase it
75
The structural level of a protein LEAST affected by a disruption in Hydrogen bonding is
Quaternary Level
Primary Level
Secondary level
Tertiary Level
76
which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base
hydroxyl
carbonyl
phosphate
amino
77
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
nerve cell
muscle cell
phagocytic white blood cell
bacterial cell
78
Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake?
benthic zone
aphotic zone
littoral zone
pelagic zone
79
A population's carrying capacity
may change as environmental conditions change
can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model
can never be exceeded
increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases
80
which of the following catagories includes all others in the list
polysaccharide
carbohydrate
starch
monosaccharide
81
The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO₂in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 yrs. is
increased worldwide standing crop
the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
increased worldwide primary production
an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
82
Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium
reaction is now irreversible
rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
both forward and reverse reactions have halted
concentrations of products and reactants are equal
83
Canary forebrain shrinks shrinks during non breeding and enlarges during mating seasons, this change is due to annual
sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring
addition of new syllables to canary's song repetoire
crystalization of subsong into adult songs
elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year
84
Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
10^-10 M
10^4 M
10^-4 M
4.0 M
85
Glucose is C6-H12-O6. What would the formula be of 10 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C60-H102-O51
C60-H100-O50
C60-H120-O60
C60-H111-O51
86
The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways EXCEPT
removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen
regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes
87
Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2015 will be closest to
2 million
7 billion
10 billion
4 billion
88
Systems biology is mainly an attempt to
understand the behavior of systems by studying how the dif. parts interact
build high-throughput machines for rapid acquisition of bio. data
analyze genomes from a different species
simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller units

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