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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2/Darling Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2/Darling
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2/Darling
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
beta
delta
alpha
2
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
3
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
4
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
5
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
creativity
intelligence
6
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
modeled
encoded
7
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
8
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
9
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
cerebellum
reticular formation
10
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
anxiety
mood
11
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
observational learning
12
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
script
chunk
13
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
14
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
episodic
procedural
crystallized
15
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
16
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
17
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
18
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
19
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
agonists
action potentials
20
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
21
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
sedatives
cannabis
narcotics
22
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
23
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
24
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
pressure
frustration
25
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
26
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
27
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
28
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
29
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
30
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
31
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
32
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
33
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
34
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
35
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
36
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
37
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
38
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
39
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
40
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
41
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
42
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
43
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
latency
anal
44
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
45
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
46
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
47
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
48
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
centration
reversibility
49
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
50
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
functionalism
behaviorism
51
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
52
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
53
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
longitundinal
54
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
introspection
55
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
56
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
57
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
58
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
timbre
loudness
59
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
60
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
61
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
62
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
63
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
64
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
65
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
unipolar
bipolar
66
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
67
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
68
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
consistency
accuracy of inference
69
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
70
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
midpoint
mean
71
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
a potential score
72
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
73
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
74
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
75
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
76
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
77
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
78
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
79
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
80
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
81
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
82
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
83
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
84
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
85
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
86
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
87
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
88
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
89
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
color
brightness
90
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
91
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
92
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
sensation
processing
93
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
94
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
95
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
96
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
97
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
98
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
99
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
100
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
101
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
102
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
103
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
104
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
105
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
106
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
107
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
108
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
109
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
110
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
prejudices
111
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
112
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
feeding
113
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
114
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
115
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
116
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 2
stage 1
stage 4
117
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
118
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
119
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
120
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
121
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
122
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
123
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
124
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
125
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
126
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
127
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
surprise
sadness
128
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
129
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
130
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
131
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
132
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
133
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
134
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
construct
criterion-related
135
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
136
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
137
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
food/meat powder
salivation
138
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
139
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
relearning
recognition
recall
140
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
141
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
142
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
sensation
perception
hypnosis
143
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scores
test scales
test norms
144
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
145
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
146
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
147
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
148
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
regression
displacement
149
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
150
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
