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CRM102 Understanding Crime Revision: Part One Flashcards | StudBud
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CRM102 Understanding Crime Revision: Part One
CRM102 Understanding Crime Revision: Part One
100 terms
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University exam revision for introductory level Criminological Theory made by a student
Flashcards
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Questions
100
Answers
1
Qualitative data measures types and is represented by name, symbol or number code.
True
False
2
Adults are more likely to offend...
As a part of a group
On their own
3
What is an ideology?
A system of ideas and ideals
Philosophies that inform a goal
All of the above
The basis of a theory or policy
4
Logical extension of one theory in order to improve explanatory ability.
Theoretical elaboration
Theoretical competition
Theoretical integration
Theoretical falsification
5
Correlation is necessary but not sufficient for causation
True
False
6
Rational Choice Theory is rooted in
All of the above
Classical Criminological Theory
Marxist/Conflict Theory
Social Learning Theory
7
Which of the following is not a Rational Choice Theory?
Crime Commission Theories
Marxist/Conflict Theory
Routine Activity Theory
8
Which statement best describes the scope of a theory?
The range of phenomena that a theory proposes to explain.
The point of view from which a theory is being examined.
The point of view of the offender.
9
Identification of commonalities between two or more theories and creating synthesis to create a superior theory.
Theoretical elaboration
Theoretical competition
Theoretical falsification
Theoretical integration
10
Causal process is not the causal mechanisms between phenomena.
False
True
11
Which of the following is not a Situational Crime Prevention technique?
Controlling access and target hardening
Natural surveillance and promotion of extended guardianship
Controlling precipitators and rule setting
Early intervention of potential offenders
12
Developmental Life-Course Theories explain:
Trajectories and turning points in a criminal career
Complexities that exist in regards to age related crime patterns
All of the above
Life histories and risk factors
13
The merging of theories in the field of criminology.
Interdisciplinary integration
Intradisciplinary integration
14
Axiomatic causation: self evident or unquestionable.
True
False
15
What role does theory play in understanding crime?
Theory helps us conceptualize and explain human behavior.
Theory provides answers that allow us to know the cause of all crimes.
16
Event decisions are quick, situational and based on available information.
False
True
17
What is quantitative data?
The quantity test subjects used during an experiment that produce data
Numerically expressed data that measures values or numbers
18
The criminal life course has three stages. These stages are onset, progression and desistance.
True
False
19
Which is not a way that a theory can be evaluated and developed?
Theoretical falsification
Theoretical elaboration
Theoretical validation
Theoretical integration
20
What is an independent variable?
A variable that is not changed by the other variables being measured.
An independent test that is used to establish the base line.
21
Select the statement that is true of causality.
To be a cause, Y cannot happen without X and X must occur before Y.
Proof of definite causality must be present to validate a theory.
22
Criminal activity will desist at 17 years of age
True
False
23
What are the developmental stages under DLC Theory?
Infancy, adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood
Childhood, puberty, adolescence and adulthood
24
DLC Theory about adolescence offending compared to persistently over life-course. Considers biology and psychology.
Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy
Gottfredson and Hirschi's Self-Control Theory
Giordano's Life-Course Perspective on Social Learning
Loeber's Developmental Pathway Theory
25
Which of these did Jeremy Bentham not propose?
That punishment should be utilitarian
That humans are hedonistic
Humans should be caused pain to pay for the pleasure derived from crime.
26
Who founded Classical Criminological Theory?
Sigmund Freud
Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Lombroso
27
What is VIVA? (In reference to crime hots spots and targets)
Vocation, identity, virtue and accessibility
Value, inertia, visibility and accessibility
28
An example of negative correlation is:
The larger my income, the more cars I can afford.
The more cars I buy, the less money I have.
29
Rational Choice Theory emerged in the late 20th century
False
True
30
Offenses are elements of Anti-Social Behavior Disorder
False
True
31
This small fraction of offenders are more likely to engage in a diverse range of criminal activities.
False
True
32
The comparison of arrest, conviction and sentencing data.
Objective measure research
Correlation determinism
Quantitative comparison
33
Comparing the concept, validity and logic of two or more theories.
Theoretical competition
Theoretical elaboration
Theoretical falsification
Theoretical integration
34
The earlier someone engages in criminal activity, the longer the criminal career.
True
False
35
Which of the following is not a step of scientifically testing a theory?
Identification of problem/question and literature review
Formation of hypothesis, give operational definitions to variables
Choose method, collect data, analyze and state findings
Literature review, create hypothesis through theoretical integration
36
Select the trajectory that is not used to describe the course of a criminal career
Temporary desistance
Permanent desistance
Persistent
Temporary
37
What is a dependent variable?
A variable which cannot exist without another factor
An individual who is regarded by the state to be a minor, is dependent.
What is affected and measured in reponse to the independent variable
38
For a theory to be logically consistent it must be:
Clearly defined
All of the above
Internally consistent
Logically stated
39
General deterrence is
The idea that one punishment should deter the majority from all crimes.
The deterrence of potential offenders through the punishment of others.
40
General causation refers to general types of crime such as crimes against property or person.
True
False
41
Positivist Criminology is...
Theories about forces beyond the control of an individual.
Theories about crimes that are committed for material gain.
Theories that can positively account for why a certain crime is committed.
42
The theory that crime is committed after an economic analysis of the costs and benefits of the act.
Strain Theory
Classical Criminological Theory
Marxist/Conflict Theory
Rational Choice Theory
43
Theory about life-course persistent offenders, self-control and state dependence.
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
Loeber's Developmenta Pathway Theory
Giordano's Life-Course Perspective on Social Learning
Gottfredson and Hirschi's Self-Control Theory
44
Under Classical Criminological Theory, punishment should be swift, sure and proportionate to the crime.
True
False
45
Empirical validity is the extent to which a theory can be verified or refuted with evidence.
True
False
46
Theoretical approaches to crime causation
All of the above
Quantitative and qualitative
Positivist and classical
Axiomatic, causal process, general and typological
47
Criminological theories are statements about certainty, not probability
False
True
48
Which of the following does not lead to acceptance or dismissal of a theory
Interdisciplinary integration
Theoretical development
Theoretical evaluation
49
Involvement decisions are complex, multistage and time consuming.
False
True
50
To evaluate a process is to deduce whether a program has been implemented in a properly with appropriate participants.
True
False
51
The merging of theories from psychology, sociology and biology.
Intradisciplinary integration
Interdisciplinary integration
52
Which is the definition of parsimony?
A theory that appears to be a good explanation but is not valid.
Extent to which a theory is empirically valid in comparison to others.
The use of few concepts and propositions to explain a range of phenomena.
53
Crime is...
All of the above.
An act that causes harm to a person, animal or property.
An act that is deemed wrong by society.
An unlawful act that is punishable by the state.
54
General causation refers to the methodology by which scientists determine whether an agent is capable of causation
False
True
55
Linking theories by given principle to provide a more comprehensive explanation of crime.
Sequential integration
Cross-level integration
Conceptual integration
Propositional integration
56
The extent to which propositions are confirmed by data.
Theoretical falsification
Theoretical Integration
Theoretical elaboration
Theoretical competition
57
Which of the following is not used in Situational Crime Prevention?
Increase effort and risk
Control of prompts
Victim control
Reduction of permissibility
58
What is the meaning of tautology?
A theory is untestable because of its nature and used circular reasoning.
The basis of a theory is widely accepted as true, does not need testing.
A theory is so simplistic it does not need to be tested.
59
A small fraction of offenders are responsible for a large amount of crime. What is the correct offender to crime ratio?
30:70
15:80
20:80
10:60
60
Theory about covert and overt behavior predicting development of criminal behavior.
Gottfredson and Hirschi's Self-Control Theory
Farrington's Integrative Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
Loeber's Developmental Pathway Theory
61
Theory drives ideologies behind policy and practice.
True
False
62
Select the statement that is not true of Deterrence Theory
Severity of punishment is better at deterrence than certainty.
Punishment .should fit the crime but be large enough to deter
Informal and formal deterrents are both effective.
Punishment should be severe and certain.
63
Which answer best defines 'Mens Rea'?
The assumption of criminal agency in men
Reflection and acknowledgement of committing an offence during imprisonment
Guilty mind
Presence of intent to commit an offence
64
A victimless act can still be a criminal offence
True
False
65
How can theories be propositionally integrated?
All of the above
Within level and cross-level
Side-by-side integration (horizontal)
End-to-end (sequential)
66
Select the statement that is not true of Classical Criminology
Is based around vengeful punishment and discretionary persecution
Was born in a time of revolutions, increasing population, enlightenment
Classical Criminology emerged in the 18th century
67
What is the definition of time sequence?
The direction of events or causation.
How long it took an individual to begin their criminal life course.
The time it took someone to commit a crime.
68
Adolescents commit crime because of excitement, enjoyment, utilitarianism and anger.
True
False
69
Different types of offences are committed at different ages.
False
True
70
Theory should:
Provide an explanation of mechanisms that lead to criminal behavior.
Be independent of time and space.
Give predictions about criminal behavior.
All of the above.
71
Which of the following would be an appropriate Criminal Justice System implication based off Rational Choice Theory?
Use of capital punishment for more crimes
Assumption of Mens Rea in criminal cases
All of the above
Increased penalties
72
Theories of law and criminology inform policy and enforcement.
False
True
73
Criminal activity will desist between ages 20 and 29
True
False
74
Typological causation refers to causes of specific types of crime.
False
True
75
An example of positive correlation is:
The more ice-cream I eat, the less hungry I am.
The more ice-cream I eat, the fatter I get.
76
Combing theories that make the same predictions about crime.
Conceptual integration
Interdisciplinary integration
Propositional integration
Intradisciplinary integration
77
What did Cesare Beccaria propose?
That humans are impacted by social, societal and biological forces
That humans are fundamentally evil
That humans are rational and capable of free will
78
Multi-factor explanations of crime refer to multiple factors explaining crime.
False
True
79
You can merge crucial differences during theoretical elaboration.
False
True
80
To commit and inchoate crime means to be preparing to commit a criminal act
False
True
81
Data collected about the physical characteristics of offenders and victims is
Quantitative
Qualitative
82
Human behavior and actions are determined by causal events, and that free will is not present in natural behavior.
All of the above
Positivist Criminology
Biosocial Theory
Soft determinism
83
Single-factor explanations of crime refer to one factor linked to crime causation.
True
False
84
Theories of criminal and deviant behavior
Explain why some people are more likely to commit crime than others
Are macro and micro level theories
Explain the violation of social and legal norms
All of the above
85
Event decisions are decisions based upon one's knowledge of a target, such as victim and absence of guardian.
False
True
86
Theory used to explain stability and change in offending during a lifetime and between different groups of people
Symbolic Interactionism
Differential Association Theory
Social Learning Theory
Developmental Life-Course Theory
87
Which of the following is not a crime prevention technique?
Public shaming
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Situational Crime Prevention
88
Which is not one of the three components of Routine Activity Theory?
Absence of a capable guardian
Observable daily routine
Suitable Target
Motivated offender
89
Specific deterrence is punishment that is given for a certain type of crime.
True
False
90
Prevalence of offending peaks in teenage years
True
False
91
For something to be a cause of crime it must have adequate correlation, theoretical rationale, time sequence and what?
Mens Rea
Empirical validity
Absence of spuriousness
92
What are crimogenic factors?
Individual, societal, social.
Genetic factors that lead to a predisposition to criminal behavior.
Time, place and criminal act.
93
Survey technique, ask people if they believe they will be caught. Their deterrence depends on individual characteristics
Rational Choice Research
Perceptual research
All of the above
Self Reported Deterrence
94
Absence of spuriousness is when the relationship between variables is valid.
False
True
95
Why was Rational Choice Theory used in the 20th century?
Resurgence of crime rates, new types of crime and political conservatism
All of the above
Population growth and social unrest
Research suggested rehabilitation was not effective
96
Peak age of onset for criminal behavior is between ages 8 and 14
False
True
97
For a theory to be testable it must be able to be tested by objective, repeated evidence.
False
True
98
Situational Crime Prevention means to change the situation or environment to prevent crime.
True
False
99
Children are more likely to offend...
On their own
As a part of a group
100
Which component is not included in a thorough outcome evaluation of experimental designs?
Use of controlled conditions
Random assignment of subjects to treatment
Evaluation of design from more than one credible source.
