Rachel, a 4-year-old, is being asked to testify. Which statement is NOT likely to be true of her testimony?

Realistic props, like anatomically correct dolls, will help her accuracy.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about androgens?

Only genetically female embryos can produce female genitalia.

Cross-cultural comparison is primarily a method used to study

the influence of sociocultural context.

Dynamic-systems theories propose that development involves

changes that occur over time in complex biological and physical systems.

The first basic step in using the scientific method involves

choosing a question to be answered.

Which statement is NOT true of children's sleep?

Most US infants do not sleep through the night until they are 1 year.

Fetal breathing begins as early as 10 weeks after conception. This action

encompasses all of the actions listed.

A main advantage of a clinical interview is that it

can reveal a child's subjective experience.

Which statement is TRUE regarding human neurogenesis?

Most neurons are produced prior to birth.

Which statement does NOT accurately describe Piaget's theories?

Piaget believed that children's development occurred gradually.

The purpose of institutional review boards is to

ensure that research does not violate ethics guidelines.

Cognitive development refers to

the development of thinking and reasoning.

Habituation is a term used by psychologists to refer to

a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation.

In dynamic-systems theory, children's selection among alternative approaches reflects the influence of

the efficiency with which they can execute the approach.

Nurture, as part of the nature versus nurture debate, refers to

environmental influences on development.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the human genome?

Specific genes lead to specific phenotypes.

The modern debate to which Darwin's evolutionary theory is NOT important is

the mental illnesses of young people.

Which mechanism does NOT contribute to genetic diversity among people?

different nutritional levels in women during pregnancy

"State," when referring to newborn infants, is a term that refers to

a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.

The time the most significant teratogenic damage can result from something the mother does or experiences occurs

before the woman might realize she is pregnant.

The concept of the “active child” refers to

how children contribute to and influence their own development.

Which method is NOT a way in which scientists test for fetal learning?

asking mothers to sign up for "educate your unborn child" programs

Which statement is NOT true?

Neurogenesis occurs only under stressful conditions.

Studies done on children's court testimony are used to illustrate how

child development research can inform social policy.

Itzel, who is growing up in a Mayan family in Guatemala, is MOST likely to

sleep with her mother until she is 2 or 3 years old.

Kennedy is having a doula assist her with her birth. A doula is a

woman who is trained to assist w emotional/ physical comfort during labor

Dynamic-systems theorists believe that

both physical and mental change are constantly occurring.

Random assignment refers to

Randomly picking whether a participant will receive the treatment/ control.

The Earl of Shaftesbury's efforts at social reform resulted in a law forbidding

employment of boys or girls under 10 years of age.

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PSY 340 Exam Prep

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Questions 66

Answers

1
Rachel, a 4-year-old, is being asked to testify. Which statement is NOT likely to be true of her testimony?
more susceptible to the influence of leading questions than older children.
Realistic props, like anatomically correct dolls, will help her accuracy.
Her testimony will be fairly accurate if she is not asked leading questions
Testimony will be inaccurate if she has repeatedly asked leading questions.
2
Which of the following statements is FALSE about androgens?
Androgens are a class of hormone that includes testosterone.
If androgens are not present in sufficient amount, female genitalia develop
The source of androgens is the male fetus itself.
Only genetically female embryos can produce female genitalia.
3
Plato believed that children were born with
some of their mother's knowledge.
blank slates.
unchangeable personalities.
some innate concepts.
4
What is the result when two eggs are released from the ovary into the fallopian tube and both are fertilized?
apoptosis
conception
identical twins
fraternal twins
5
Core-knowledge theories depict children as _____ learners.
adult-like
active
reluctant
slow
6
The theory that infants have substantial inborn knowledge of important evolutionary domains is called
nativism.
constructivism
empiricism.
domain specificity.
7
Research that involves _____ is crucial to clarifying two of the main conceptual features of core-knowledge theories.
crawling
computers
deception
conservation
8
The experience that children in experimental group receive that children in a control group do not is referred to as the
random assignment.
dependent variable.
correlational design.
independent variable.
9
What two regions of the brain simultaneously encode new information during learning?
the brain stem and the hippocampus
the hippocampus and the amygdala
the cortex and the amygdala
the hippocampus and the cortex
10
Cross-cultural comparison is primarily a method used to study
the role of the active child.
the influence of sociocultural context.
mechanisms of growth.
continuous versus discontinuous growth.
11
The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child's environment are known as
sociocultural sontext
selection
continuity
variation
12
Socioeconomic status is a measure of social class based on
ethnicity
parents' marital status
family lineage
income and education
13
Plato believed that the MOST important goal(s) of education was/were
socialization.
self-control and discipline.
mastery of one's physical skills.
intellectual growth.
14
Dynamic-systems theories propose that development involves
predictable stages with brief transitions.
long periods of stability.
changes that occur over time in complex biological and physical systems.
brief periods of dramatic change.
15
The first basic step in using the scientific method involves
formulating a hypothesis.
developing a research plan.
choosing a question to be answered.
drawing a conclusion.
16
Which statement is NOT true of children's sleep?
Newborns spend about 16 hours per day asleep.
Most US infants do not sleep through the night until they are 1 year.
Children's total amount of sleep declines sharply through childhood.
Infants spend 50% of their sleep in REM sleep.
17
Fetal breathing begins as early as 10 weeks after conception. This action
exercises the lungs to promote respiratory readiness.
is initially infrequent and irregular.
encompasses all of the actions listed.
causes amniotic fluid to be drawn into the lungs.
18
Which type of design is BEST for revealing differences over time and patterns of change?
longitudinal
microgenetic
cross-sectional
naturalistic observation
19
A main advantage of a clinical interview is that it
ensures that behavior is addressed in all contexts.
helps illuminate social interaction processes.
allows for accurate predictions of future behavior.
can reveal a child's subjective experience.
20
Which statement is TRUE regarding human neurogenesis?
Humans cannot create new neurons after childhood.
Most neurons are produced prior to birth.
New neurons are incapable of moving locations in the brain.
New neurons are produced during threatening situations.
21
Which statement does NOT accurately describe Piaget's theories?
Piaget believed that children's development occurred in stages.
Piaget’s theory was constructivist.
Piaget believed that children's development occurred gradually.
Believed that children were motivated to learn about the world around them.
22
The purpose of institutional review boards is to
ensure that research does not violate ethics guidelines.
review research findings.
take responsibility for research in place of individual researchers.
review research findings with participants.
23
Which factor is NOT one identified by Scarr (1992) as leading children from the same family to develop differently?
differences in treatment by parents and others
differences in reactions to similar experiences
different choices of environments
differences in IQ
24
Cognitive development refers to
physical development.
the development of emotions.
the development of social skills.
the development of thinking and reasoning.
25
Habituation is a term used by psychologists to refer to
the ability of the fetus to breathe.
a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation.
the deceleration of the fetal heart rate in response to sound.
how fetal learning is not persistent.
26
Which technique or response is NOT one that is used for soothing a crying infant?
touch
singing
swaddling
colic
27
In dynamic-systems theory, children's selection among alternative approaches reflects the influence of
the recognition that there is only one correct path to a given solution.
their ability to utilize selective attention.
their working memory skills.
the efficiency with which they can execute the approach.
28
Nurture, as part of the nature versus nurture debate, refers to
environmental influences on development.
the role of heredity.
a child's biological endowment, including their genes.
the temperament of a child.
29
Which statement is FALSE regarding the human genome?
The structure of the genetic code is fixed and cannot be changed.
Specific genes lead to specific phenotypes.
Methylation is one way that gene expression is silenced.
Genetic encoding of proteins alters the way that genes are expressed.
30
Which two philosophers both believed that children were born as blank slates with knowledge acquired through experiences
Aristotle and Rousseau
Aristotle and Locke
Locke and Rousseau
Plato and Aristotle
31
Dynamic-systems theorists emphasize the role of action in development
during adolescence.
in infancy.
throughout life.
starting in old age.
32
The modern debate to which Darwin's evolutionary theory is NOT important is
the mental illnesses of young people.
sex differences as well as aggression and altruism.
infants' attachment to their mothers.
innate fear of natural dangers, such as spiders and snakes.
33
Birth usually occurs approximately _____ weeks after conception.
35
38
42
30
34
Human chromosomes exist in what part of the cell?
nucleus
cell wall
cell membrane
mitochondria
35
Which theorist proposed the MOST prominent nativist theory, labeling it "core-knowledge theory"?
Elizabeth Spelke
Lev Vygotsky
Jean Piaget
Esther Thelen
36
Which philosopher believed that children are born with innate knowledge, such as the concept of "animal"?
Plato
Aristotle
Locke
Rousseau
37
Which mechanism does NOT contribute to genetic diversity among people?
random assortment
different nutritional levels in women during pregnancy
crossing over
mutations
38
According to Piaget, children go through _______ stages of cognitive development.
three
two
four
six
39
"State," when referring to newborn infants, is a term that refers to
how pleasant an infant is when responding to his or her parents.
the personality of an infant, ranging from colic to easily soothed.
the regularity of an infant's brain activity.
a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.
40
The time the most significant teratogenic damage can result from something the mother does or experiences occurs
before the woman might realize she is pregnant.
during childbirth.
before fertilization.
during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy.
41
The concept of the “active child” refers to
observations of children at play.
whether an infant sleeps through the night.
how children contribute to and influence their own development.
the importance of physical activity to child development.
42
The synapses in the sensorimotor cortex are produced _____ those in the prefrontal cortex.
earlier than
in opposition to
at the same time as
later than
43
Which method is NOT a way in which scientists test for fetal learning?
examining preferences of newborns based on their prenatal experience
assessing how much attention the fetus pays to auditory stimuli
asking mothers to sign up for "educate your unborn child" programs
studying habituation of fetal movement to repeated stimulation
44
Which statement is NOT true?
Neurogenesis occurs when learning something new.
Neurogenesis occurs in the womb.
Neurogenesis occurs through cell division.
Neurogenesis occurs only under stressful conditions.
45
Studies done on children's court testimony are used to illustrate how
children cannot be trusted to remember events correctly.
lawyers attempt to use children's inaccuracies to their advantage.
playing with dolls decreases children’s understanding of the real world.
child development research can inform social policy.
46
Itzel, who is growing up in a Mayan family in Guatemala, is MOST likely to
go to sleep earlier than her parents.
sleep with her mother until she is 2 or 3 years old.
have a favorite lullaby her mother sings before she sleeps.
take a doll to sleep with her.
47
Teratogenic damage leading to fetal brain injury is most commonly caused by
unavoidable environmental influences.
the father's use of tobacco.
prenatal use of alcohol.
maternal ingestion of prescription medications.
48
Kennedy is having a doula assist her with her birth. A doula is a
sling that helps comfort the baby as it exits the vagina.
family member who is trained to assist with the birth.
woman who is trained to assist w emotional/ physical comfort during labor
certified nurse-midwife.
49
Dynamic-systems theorists believe that
both physical and mental change are constantly occurring.
physical change occurs in stages, and mental change is always occurring.
physical change is always occurring, and mental change occurs in stages.
both physical and mental change occur in stages.
50
Random assignment refers to
randomly assigning scores to each patient.
randomly determining the course of treatment for each patient.
measuring the dependent variable at random intervals.
Randomly picking whether a participant will receive the treatment/ control.
51
The Earl of Shaftesbury's efforts at social reform resulted in a law forbidding
children from working in tunnels or with explosives.
employment of boys or girls under 10 years of age.
children from working.
girls from working outside of the home.
52
If you are heterozygous for curly hair, a dominant trait, then
you have one dominant and one recessive allele.
you will have straight hair.
at least one of your parents had straight hair.
you have a regulator gene for curly hair.
53
Which major developmental process is defined as cells specializing?
cell division
apoptosis
cell differentiation
cell migration
54
According to the text, which reason is NOT stated for studying child development?
to better understand human nature
to provide help in the raising of children
to help judge how children are treated under different political systems
to gain insight into social policy issues that affect children
55
Nature, as part of the nature versus nurture debate, refers to a child's
personality and social status.
environmental influences.
sense of self.
biological endowment, including their genes.
56
As age increases, weight also increases. This is an example of a _____ correlation.
zero
negative
positive
truncated
57
Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from
information-processing theory.
dynamic-systems theory.
nativism.
Piagetian theory.
58
Which statement best describes the effect of playing violent video games on children's behavior?
Violent video games have a strong positive effect on children’s behavior.
Violent video games have no effect on children’s behavior.
Violent video games have a strong negative effect on children’s behavior.
Violent video games have a minimal effect on children’s behavior.
59
Dr. Lowe needs to expand his research beyond his small sample to a more diverse and larger sample in order to obtain
interrater reliability.
internal validity.
a hypothesis.
external validity.
60
Long-term memory is limited in
capacity and duration.
nothing; there are no known limits.
capacity
duration
61
A fetus gets taste exposure from
amniotic fluid
the placenta
the neural tube
blood
62
Which factor is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
dreaming in adults
jerky eye movements under closed lids
the absence of motor activity
irregular heart rate and breathing
63
Which individual is MOST likely to recover from traumatic brain injury?
Issac, a 75-year-old man
Stephanie, an adolescent
Erik, a 30-year-old man
Sam, a small child
64
Which statement is NOT true of poverty in the United States?
Poverty is lower among children who live with both parents.
Poverty is especially high in Black and Hispanic families.
Poverty affects about 30% of children in the United States.
Poverty affects 25% of children who are immigrants or live with immigrants.
65
Which statement is an example of discontinuous development?
A caterpillar transitions to a cocoon and then into a butterfly.
A child learns a few new words each day.
Adolescents' muscles get stronger as they play sports.
A tree grows taller over the summer.
66
The ideas of Plato, Aristotle, and Locke highlight which modern debate in child development?
nature versus nurture
the efficacy of psychotherapy
free will versus determinism
how psychopathology should be defined

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