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Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology Flashcards | StudBud
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Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology
Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology
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1
As we age, what tends to increase?
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
2
Which of the following is not traditionally studied by cognitive psychologists?
Memory
Genetics
Intelligence
Problem solving
3
Which of the following is NOT helpful when encoding new information?
Distributed practice
Semantic encoding
Self-reference effect
Massed practice
4
Essay tests measure ____ and multiple choice tests measure ___.
Retrieval; encoding
Long-term memory; short-term memory
Recall; recognition
Recongition; recall
5
The best way to find information stored in memory is to use
Iconic memory
Auditory processing
Retrieval cues
Explicit memory
6
The long-term memory model focuses on the idea of episodic memory. This includes
Time and spatial referencing
Schemas
Visual imagery
Sensory store
7
In the Multi-Store Model, how does information get transferred to long-term storage?
Attention
Retrival
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
8
What is another name for a construct?
Memory
Package
Schema
Bobo
9
If something is reliable, we can
Find good data
Replicate exactly
Replicate to get the same or similar results
Have a procedure that is easy to follow
10
What is the best way to study for a test?
Spread the studying across many days
Auditory record the info and replay it in your sleep
Rehearse repeatedly the night before
The night before the test, so it is fresh in your mind
11
Politicians labeled a military action as a "pre-emptive strike" and not an "invasion." Why?
Lying
Framing
Confirmation bias
Reverse psychology
12
Who believed the g factor describes general, overall intelligence?
Spearman
Sternberg
Terman
Simon
13
What is Whorf's theory that differences in language cause differences in perception/thinking?
Linguistic determinism
Perceptual change theory
Displacement hypothesis
Linguistic shift
14
A store highly marks its prices up and then offers items at a 75% discount because of
Mental set
Framing effect
Availability heuristic
Irrelevant information
15
"1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe" is a ______ device called a ______ system
Mnemonic; peg-word
Working memory; spacing effect
Semantic; chunking
Priming; semantic encoding
16
No screwdriver? Can't fix it. You don't think to use a butter knife instead.
Framing
Confirmation bias
Functional fixedness
Belief bias
17
Because the WAIS and WISC are standardized, 68% of IQ scores are between
85 to 120
90 to 110
95 to 105
85 to 115
18
Being able to respond appropriately when interacting with others suggests
Street smarts
Creative intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Multiple intelligences
19
You are asked to spell "shop" then asked "What do you do at a green light." Most people answer "stop." What is this?
Chunking
Working retrieval
Priming
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
20
The finding that women scored higher on math tests when no males were present supports the idea of
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype threat
Gender bias
Physical attraction
21
The Multi-Store Memory Model consists of
Sensory store, schemas, long-term memory
Sensual store, short-term memory, long-term memory
Sensory store, short-term memory, long-term memory
Episodic buffer, sensory store, long-term memory
22
According to the self-reference effect, we remember information when
The information holds personal meaning
We have been directly accused of something
We saw the event first-hand
Someone told us the information directly
23
Storage duration of 15-30 seconds is true for which type of memory?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Sensory and short-term memory
Long-term memory
24
Police want to use a hypnotist to help a victim recall repressed memories. What do you tell them?
They should also use a truth serum
Use a highly-trained hypnotist
The victim may be too emotional to remember
Recovered memories under hypnosis are unreliable
25
Thinking without language
Can improve our performance on the basketball court
Occurs more often in cultures without language
Is only found in animals
Is not possible
26
Why do we recall more sad events when we are sad?
Iconic memory
Mood-congruent memory
Flashbulb memory
Melancholic memory
27
Which is a strength OR weakness associated with the cognitive approach?
Uses the scientific method
The mind is essential to understanding psychology
Takes a reductionistic approach
No individual differences
28
Which one below is NOT one of Sternberg's three intelligences?
Mathematical
Creative
Analytical
Practical
29
Mary was out of coffee filters but didn't think to use a paper towel. This is an example of
Framing
Functional fixedness
Algorithm
Availability heuristic
30
People may be more afraid of shark attacks than car accidents because of
Availability heuristic
Irrational emotions
Emotional algorithms
Justification effort
31
Forgetting in the storage of long-term memories is due to
Decay
Forgetting rarely occurs
Decay and interference
Decay through displacement
32
What did Lewis Terman create?
Binet Intelligence Test
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Wechsler Intelligence Scale
Alpha-Beta Test of Intelligence
33
What is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning?
Telegraphic speech
Babble
Phoneme
Morpheme
34
Which of the following is positively correlated with intelligence?
Reading speed
Age
Brain size
Foreign language knowledge
35
What is the capacity for short-term memory?
A minute
5-9 items
13 items
The way it is processed
36
What is memory?
Information you know
An organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information
An organism's ability to record, rehearse, and recall information
Information stored in the mind
37
Gambling is perpetuated partly b/c we easily remember when we won. This is an example of
Source amnesia
False memory
Prototypes
Availability heuristic
38
What will determine whether you take the WAIS or the WISC?
Your age
The training of the administrator
Your primary language
Your reading ability
39
Who was the designer of the most widely used intelligence test today?
Binet
Wechsler
Sternberg
Terman
40
Which of the following is not a type of behavior studied by cognitive psychologists?
Language use
Social interaction with others
Problem-solving
Attention
41
When a measurement yields the same results each time it is used, it has a high
Correlation
Standardization
Validity
Reliability
42
Not remembering all the details of a common penny is an example of ____ failure
Recall
Encoding
State-dependent memory
Misinformation
43
The serial position effect describes our tendency to
Remember first items of a list more than last items
Remember first and last items of a list best
Remember what we had for breakfast
Remember things when in numerical order
44
Tulving looked at three types of long-term memory. They were
Semantic, episodic, procedural
Sensory, evaluative, productive
There were more than three types
Schema, experience, psychological
45
What is making information meaningful so that we can store it in memory?
Flashbulb
Construction
Encoding
Sensory memory
46
Brain scans of those with higher intelligence show
Less energy required to solve problems than average people
More gray matter than average people
Smaller frontal lobes than average people
Greater fluid intelligence than average people
47
What kind of processing do you do when you study - working and paying attention?
Deliberate
Redundant
Effortful
Meaningful
48
The tendency to approach a problem in a certain way, esp. one that worked in the past
Mental set
Heuristics
Algorithm
Prototype
49
Even though disproven, some people do not vaccinate b/c they fear it causes autism. What is this?
Belief perseverance
Representativeness heuristic
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
50
These researchers gave evidence that our memory can be influenced by leading questions
Strack and Mussweiler
Tversky and Kahneman
Loftus and Palmer
Yuille and Cutshall
51
The examination of the patient HM led to an understanding of which two types of memory?
Declarative memory
Disclosure memory
Non-disclosure memory
Non-declarative memory
52
What part of the brain is important for new, explicit memories?
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
53
When we believe we are less likely to succumb to bias than others will
Hindsight bias
Overconfidence bias
Fairness bias
Blind spot bias
54
Chomsky believes our capacity for language is natural and quick because of
Sequential developmental stages
Language being entirely inborn
Behavioral conditioning
A language acquisition device
55
When solving a math problem in your head, you hold information here while you calculate
Iconic memory
Working memory
Conscious memory
Rehearsal memory
56
What are the changes in our nervous system that enhance memory storage?
Automatic processing
Long-term potentiation
Next-in-line efect
Dendrite growth
57
Learning something new makes recall of previously learned info more difficult. This is an example of
Misinformation effect
Persistence
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
58
What is meant by the word "encoding"?
How much space there is for information within storage
How long the memory lasts without rehearsal
Changing information into the form in which it is stored
REtriving a memory from long-term storage
59
This model of memory describes different systems of conscious processing
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Working Memory Model
Information Processing Theory
Forgetting Theory
60
The five components of creativity include which of the following?
Being a loner
Having a venturesome personality
Being a stickler for details
Being a strict rule-follower
61
Choose ALL of the correct assumptions about cognitive psychology
The mind operates in a similar way to a computer
Thoughts influence behavior
Humans are emotional processors
Internal mental processes can't be scientifically studied
62
A student may not study much for a test because of this barrier
Affect heuristic
Framing effect
Availability heuristic
Overconfidence effect
63
The Multi-Store Model of memory is GOOD because
It's supported by Milgram (1961)
It's clear and simple
It's supported by Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
It's ecologically invalid b/c of lab experiments
64
We can remember how to do something but can't consciously explain it. What type of memory is this?
Implicit
Episodic
Declarative
Explicit
65
Fixed set of rules that will lead to a solution
Algorithm
Trial and error
Heuristic
Subgoals
66
A vivid and highly-detailed memory of a shocking event is called a(n)
Iconic memory
Lightbulb memory
Flashbulb memory
Semantic memory
67
People with an extreme ability combined with autism or other CNS problems have
The g factor
Savant syndrome
Heritability
A mental disability
68
Howard Gardner believes intelligence should be defined
As a measure of emotion
In terms of multiple factors
With a triarchic factor
Within the context of a particular culture
69
Human communication differs from animal communication in our use of
Vocal sounds
Morphemes
Syntax
Phonemes
70
This model of memory has different levels that hold information for different amounts of time
Forgetting Theory
Working Memory Model
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Information Processing Theory
71
By the time infants are 10 months old,
They can speak full sentences
Their babbling reflects the features of the home language
Their babbling is universal across all cultures
They are putting two words together
72
What does deep processing involve?
Visual encoding
Semantic encoding
Acoustic encoding
Iconic encoding
73
When memories conflict due to a lack of information, it is known as a(n)
False memory
Lack of knowledge
Thought obstruction
Interference
74
What kind of test is the AP exam?
Achievement
Aptitude
Valid
Aggregate
75
As adopted children grow up, their intelligence
Is much more like their adoptive parents
Is much more like their adopted siblings
Is much more like their biological parents
Varies according to their environment
76
Cognitive psychologists believe activity in the brain is similar to the operation of what?
Hairdryer
Calculator
Mobile phone
Computer
77
When people only look for evidence that supports their pre-existing viewpoint
Hindsight bias
Cognitive bias
Confirmation bias
Functional fixedness
78
Why do creative people have a desire to come up with new ideas?
They are being pressured to perform
Intrinsic motivation
They are getting paid for it
Extrinsic motivation
79
"Average" example of a concept
Mental images
Mental set
Prototype
Schema
80
What is the formula for IQ?
Mental age/chronological age x 100
Chronological age/mental age x 100
Chronological age x mental age/100
