How would social exchange theory explain armed robbery?

armed robbers are rational actors who carefully plan their crimes.

According to Max Weber, why do hierarchical structures maximize efficiency?

They give authority to people at the top to make important decisions.

Which statement below is attributed to sociologist Emile Durkehim?

"Collective conscience" is never strong enough to prevent...rule breaking.

According to Marx and Engels, when is revolution inevitable in a capitalist society?

when structural contradictions arise from capitalism.

What is the social ecology approach?

characteristics of neighborhoods influence committing deviance and crime.

While groups are responsible for bringing about social change and social reform, they encounter which difficulties?

another group trying to block their efforts.

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Duplicate of Sociology Mini-Mid-Term-Review Spring 2025

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Test your knowledge on key sociology terms, theorists, and concepts with this engaging quiz. From groupthink to sociological imagination, explore various aspects of the field.

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Questions 73

Answers

1
What does 'resocialization' involve?
Adapting to new norms
Reinforcing old habits
Maintaining status quo
Rejecting social roles
2
True or false: Max Weber is a sociologist
False
True
3
What is the term for a role conflict?
Role strain
Role conflict
Role ambiguity
Role overload
4
According to C. Wright Mills, which term involves the realization that personal troubles are rooted in public issues?
sociological imagination.
grand theory.
social fact.
abstract empiricism.
5
What is the 'Iron Law of Oligarchy'?
Democratic leadership
Laissez-faire governance
Concentration of power
Equal representation
6
What is a primary group?
Large organization
Professional network
Close-knit relationships
Temporary acquaintances
7
What does 'sociological imagination' mean?
Historical analysis
Cultural awareness
Understanding societal context
Personal perspective
8
What leadership style is hands-off?
Authoritarian
Democratic
Charismatic
Laissez-faire
9
What is the term for a society's informal rules?
Formal norms
Laws
Mores
Informal norms
10
What does 'deviance' mean in sociology?
Violation of norms
Social acceptance
Conformity to rules
Cultural practices
11
What is a convenience sample?
Diverse representation
Random selection
Statistical analysis
Easily accessible group
12
Which leadership style involves consultation with group members on decisions and less emphasis on rule compliance?
Liberal leadership.
Laissez-faire leadership.
Authoritarian leadership.
Democratic leadership.
13
How would social exchange theory explain armed robbery?
armed robbery and other crime actually serve positive functions for society
most “street criminals” are poor and armed robbery is justifiable.
armed robbers are rational actors who carefully plan their crimes.
armed robbery creates many jobs for police, prisons, and professors.
14
What is the degree to which people succeed in such areas as education, income, and health referred to as?
standard of living.
life chances.
status class.
economic output.
15
What does 'symbolic interactionism' emphasize?
Economic factors
Social structures
Symbols in communication
Political power
16
Which of the following terms occurs through four stages, the final stage of which is the formal operational stage?
Identity development.
The looking-glass self.
Moral development.
Cognitive development.
17
What is the most important stage of people's lives for social, cognitive, emotional, and physiological development?
old age.
adolescence.
childhood.
early adulthood.
18
According to Max Weber, why do hierarchical structures maximize efficiency?
They give authority to people at the top to make important decisions.
Hierarchical structures follow bureaucratic ritualism rigorously.
The lower you are in hierarchy, the fewer people to whom you must report.
Everyone's actions are capricious thereby ensuring predictability.
19
What is the purpose of socialization?
Integrate into society
Create social norms
Establish hierarchies
Develop personal identity
20
Which term describes a society's shared beliefs?
Folkways
Values
Mores
Norms
21
What does the term 'in-group' refer to?
Your social circle
All groups
Outsiders
Random strangers
22
What is the concept of 'role conflict'?
Role expectations align
Group dynamics
Multiple roles clash
Social status change
23
What does 'qualitative data' focus on?
Statistical significance
Numerical analysis
Descriptive insights
Random sampling
24
What is the term for parents and other important individuals in the lives of children?
Imaginary friends.
Generalized others.
Dependents.
Significant Others.
25
What is the focus of macrosociology?
Societal structures
Cultural norms
Individual behavior
Small groups
26
Which statement below is attributed to sociologist Emile Durkehim?
"Collective conscience" is never strong enough to prevent...rule breaking.
In a "society of saints" such as a monastery, rules will not be broken.
Deviance does not serve any major function in society.
A society with deviance is impossible.
27
According to Marx and Engels, when is revolution inevitable in a capitalist society?
when society supports the status quo and favors existing inequalities.
when structural contradictions arise from capitalism.
when people interact and maximize the benefits gained from the interaction.
when people act to maximize their pleasure and to reduce their pain.
28
What type of formal organization has organizational features designed to achieve goals in the most efficient way?
Oligarchy.
Civil societies.
Technocracies.
Bureaucracies.
29
What is the social ecology approach?
differential access to illegitimate means affects the type of deviance.
Deviance clarifies social norms and increases conformity.
characteristics of neighborhoods influence committing deviance and crime.
Deviance results from the inability to achieve success.
30
While groups are responsible for bringing about social change and social reform, they encounter which difficulties?
a difficult time getting publicity.
another group trying to block their efforts.
lack of leadership.
the support of the government.
31
What is the term for a society's nonmaterial culture?
Tools
Technology
Artifacts
Beliefs
32
What is the third step in the sociological research process?
formulating a hypothesis.
choosing a topic.
setting variables.
screen secondary data.
33
Which theory focuses on social conflict?
Symbolic interactionism
Functionalism
Feminism
Conflict theory
34
According to Karl Marx, what was the primary dimension of stratification in class systems?
religion.
status.
economic.
power.
35
What is the purpose of socialization?
To gain wealth
To control others
To achieve status
To learn norms
36
Who is known for the Stanford prison experiment?
Stanley Milgram
Solomon Asch
Philip Zimbardo
Erving Janis
37
Who developed the concept of the sociological imagination?
Jane Adams
Peter Berger
Max Weber
C Wright Mills
38
What is a small, close-knit group called?
Secondary group
Out-group
Primary group
Reference group
39
Which sample type is chosen by chance?
Random sample
Stratified sample
Cluster sample
Convenience sample
40
Who studied the concept of groupthink?
Erving Janis
Philip Zimbardo
George Herbert Mead
Stanley Milgram
41
Which leadership style is directive?
Democratic
Transformational
Authoritarian
Laissez-faire
42
What type of group exists for a specific purpose?
Tertiary.
Reference.
Secondary.
Primary.
43
What does 'social stratification' refer to?
Social mobility
Cultural differences
Economic equality
Hierarchical organization
44
What does 'hidden curriculum' refer to?
Unwritten social norms
Curriculum guidelines
Standardized testing
Formal education
45
What is the role of a control group?
Randomize participants
Test variable effects
Collect qualitative data
Provide comparison
46
What is the term for a society with no classes?
Estate system
Class system
Caste system
Classless society
47
Who is associated with the concept of anomie?
Emile Durkheim
Howard Becker
Max Weber
Karl Marx
48
What is the focus of macrosociology?
Individual interactions
Large-scale structures
Family dynamics
Cultural symbols
49
What is the essence of democratic leadership?
Authoritarian control
Strict hierarchy
Shared decision-making
Laissez-faire approach
50
What is the focus of critical race theory?
Gender roles
Economic inequality
Cultural heritage
Racial justice
51
What did Veblen call the problem of people who must submit to all the rules and regulations in an organization?
groupthink.
self-perpetuation.
trained incapacity.
bureaucratic ritualism.
52
William Ryan pointed out that Americans typically blame what when they think about the reasons for social problems?
blame the system.
blame the bureaucracy.
blame the culture.
blame the victim.
53
Merton's "strain theory" described people living in poverty who abandon society's goal of economic success as...
conformity.
retreatism.
collective behavior.
rebellion.
54
Which of the following helps explain why females commit less serious crime than males?
Nature versus nurture.
Differential association/
Gender socialization.
Feminism.
55
Which of the following is true about deviance?
It refers to ways wherein society sanctions behavior that violates norms.
It is behavior that arouses negative social reactions.
It is behavior that complies with social norms.
It refers to ways which society prevents behavior that violates norms.
56
According to George Herbert Mead, what is the "I" of the self?
the passive part of the self.
the part of the self at odds with the "me".
the creative, spontaneous part of the self.
the internalized expectations of the larger society.
57
Which term refers to the beliefs and values that children learn in school?
critical pedagogy.
school culture.
impression management.
hidden curriculum.
58
What is a society's material culture?
Artifacts
Norms
Beliefs
Values
59
"Every student should submit his homework on time." The use of sexist language in the sentence illustrates which theory?
Moral development theory.
Standard Cross-Cultural Theory.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Disengagement theory.
60
What problem arises when a person deals with competing demands on two or more roles that the person is expected to play?
Role insufficiency.
Role conflict.
role ambiguity.
Role strain.
61
What is the process termed by which individuals understand and create reality through their interaction with others?
dramaturgy.
social construction of reality.
impression management.
resocialization.
62
Which of the following is true about in-groups?
The competition between in-groups and out-groups is seldom friendly.
In-groups are inclined to blame themselves for their economic problems.
In-groups set a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes.
In-groups can promote very negative attitudes toward out-groups.
63
Based on Soloman Asch's experiment involving the line lengths, which of the following is the reason why people conform?
People conform because they perceive the groups' answer is correct.
People conform due to pressure to fit in with a group to avoid rejection.
Members fear punitive consequences for nonconformity.
People conform due to a lack of interest in their own judgment.
64
Which of the following about industrial societies and traditional societies is true?
Community and group commitment is most important in a modern society.
Industrial societies are more personal.
In traditional societies, individualism is the cornerstone of social life
In modern societies, we have relationships where we barely know the person
65
What is an instrumental leader's main focus?
To ensure group harmony.
To allow the group to function on its own.
To carry out his/her role without alienating other members of the group.
To achieve group goals and accomplish group tasks.
66
The theory of cognitive development was primarily set forth by _____while _____ theorized identity development?
Mead; Gilligan.
Erikson; Freud.
Piaget; Erikson.
Freud; Mead.
67
Who is associated with the concept of anomie?
Jane Adams
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Max Weber
68
What is the significance of 'life chances'?
Economic stability
Access to resources
Social mobility
Cultural identity
69
Which theory examines race and power?
Symbolic interactionism
Critical race theory
Functionalism
Conflict theory
70
What is 'conspicuous consumption'?
Sustainable practices
Frugal living
Minimalist lifestyle
Visible display of wealth
71
Which theory focuses on power struggles?
Conflict theory
Functionalism
Symbolic interactionism
Feminism
72
Which term refers to the concept that individuals are blamed and even blame themselves, for problems affecting them?
personal troubles.
debunking motif.
sociological imagination.,
conflict theory.
73
Who is known for the concept of groupthink?
Philip Zimbardo
Erving Janis
Solomon Asch
Stanley Milgram

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