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Research - Chapters 9 & 10 Flashcards | StudBud
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Research - Chapters 9 & 10
What is a weakness of SCED?
Key concept in testing quality...
Research - Chapters 9 & 10
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1
Key concept in testing quality...
Is essentially an objective and standardized measure of sample of behavior
Accurately detect change in an individual's behavior
To predict future performance based on current sample of behaviors
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
2
What is a weakness of SCED?
Non-traditional statistical analysis
Challenge of external validity
3
What is a SCED?
Single case experimental dupe
Subjective cases extra design
Subjective case experimental design
Single case experimental design
4
Variability in the behavior observed is...
Change in temperature
Change in slope
Change in level
Change in variability
5
What is the ceiling effect?
When dependent variable scale does not measure below a certain level
When independent variable scale does not measure below a certain level
When dependent variable scale does not measure above a certain level
When independent variable scale does not measure above a certain level
6
Statistical analysis is...
Often not representative because its only 1 person
2 standard deviation approach
C-statistic & split moddle/binomial test
Interpretation that requires caution as mathematical assumptions not met
7
Researcher using psychological tests should not obtain informed consent for subject to assure confidentiality
False
True
8
Which statistical analysis do you use if there is a slope in the data?
2 SD approach
Immediate interpretation
Floor & ceiling effect
Split middle/binomial
9
What is true about the split middle/binominal test?
If intervention no effect, it's expected slope will continue unchanged in B
Compare slop of Phase A to null
Use if there is a slope in Phase A
If Phase B shows enough variation, reject null
10
What is the operational definition of timing?
Longest single occurrence
Frequency in a set time period
Total amount of time participant engaged in behavior
Average length of occurrence
11
Which of the following is a criterion referenced disadvantage?
Curriculum used to set standards of performance
Allows assessment of individual mastery or achievement
teach to test rather than assess generalized knowledge or concepts
Suggest specific goals for program planning/improvement
12
Which of the following is a strength of SCED?
Naturalistic setting
Ability to hypothesize effects of differences
Fast, reliable comparison
Slow, invalid comparison
13
You should rely on testing alone as error can occur
True
False
14
Key concept in testing evaluation...
Using a specific tool(s) in one or more areas
Gathering data on performance such as ADLs or observation
Gathering data from client records, client, admin of 1+ assessments
Integrating info so that appropriate therapy can be planned
15
What is true of Phase B?
Better to end on Phase A
Baseline
Better to end on Phase B
Intervention
16
When you hypothesize about possible causes of individual differences & meaning as a whole...
Null hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
Short term interpretation
Long term interpretation
17
Evaluating outcomes or effectiveness of treatment procedure is purpose for clinical testing
True
False
18
Key concept in testing accuracy...
Derived from factors such as unreliability of instrument, bias, behavior
Value of test depends on purpose, ability to predict outcome, consistency
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
Based on ability to be reliable and valid
19
What is true of Phase A?
Better to end on Phase B
Intervention
Baseline
Better to end on Phase A
20
If you have a bump in the graph, what is it a change in?
Change in temperature
Change in baseline
Change in slope
Change in level
21
Require expertise in test interpretation & can be purchased by individuals w licensure in state or Dr. in certain fields
Level Q
Level C
Q1
Q2
22
What are two more purposes for clinical testing? (2 answers will be correct, just select 1)
Evaluates differences between groups
Used for inequality assurance and clinical effectiveness
Provides outline for reviewing tests
Evaluates functional assessment
23
Key concepts in testing norm referenced test...
Standardized sampling of behavior that uses data from heterogeneous group
Determine strengths and areas for improvement to inform intervention plan
Identify those whose performance was significantly different from typical
Standardized sampling of behavior bases performance on accepted standards
24
Which level of qualification requires you to have a professional degree and formal training?
Level Q3
Level Q1
Level Q2
Level Q0
25
What is the first step in the evaluation test process?
Interpret results based on either norm referenced or criterion referenced
Identify published instrument to measure condition or develop new process
Identify skill level necessary to use a test instrument
Identify the function to be measured
26
SCED predictions can be made about performance improvements over time and durability
True
False
27
How does SCED contribute to research and practice?
Demonstrate operationalizing and measuring important variables
Exposes ineffective interventions
Allow generalization from a case to an innovative intervention
Allows generation from one or few cases to hypothesis
28
Which of the following is not a quality of a test?
Determine strengths & areas for improvement to inform intervention plan
Used for quality assurance and clinical effectiveness
Establishing reliability and invalidity
Provides baseline data for tracking progress
29
Key concept in testing sources of error in measurement...
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
Based on ability to be reliable and valid
Derived from factors such as unreliability of instrument, bias, behavior
Value of test depends on purpose, ability to predict outcome, consistency
30
Visual analysis graph...
Show change in level
Show change in variability
Show change in slope
Must be interpreted considering important factors of a particular situation
31
What AB structure is the strongest?
ABA
ABAB
ABACA
AB
32
Key concept in testing measurement scale...
Is essentially an objective and standardized measure of sample of behavior
Quality of a test to accurately detect change in an individual's behavior
To predict future performance based on current sample of behaviors
Is a system of assigning scores to a trait or characteristic
33
What is a operational definition of counting?
Is a separate occurrence
Is a double occurrence
Is NEVER an occurrence
What is & is not an occurrence
34
What is a benefit of multiple baselines?
Shows performance improvement more widely
Improves external validity
Decreases external validity
Might suggest patterns to explain mixed results
35
Phase A be alternated with Phase B and returns to Phase A; this is a more permanent effect
True
False
36
Which of the following is a norm referenced advantage?
May not have specific curriculum to compare and make changes
Difficult to use to measure small gains in performance
Broad measures do not allow discrete assessment of skills/traits
Allows for general pop comparison to determin if performance is typical
37
There are no special qualifications to purchase these products...
Level B
Level Q
Level A
Level C
38
Which of the following is not a strength of SCED?
Unnaturalistic setting
Recruitment of multiple cases/settings/conditions possible
Individualized intervention allows grading
Display of changes allows more sophisticated relationship between variables
39
There will be slopes in each phase & that indicates interaction between baseline & intervention
False
True
40
Which of the following is not true about the 2 standard deviation approach?
Use if data in the baseline phase is stable & are ~6 or more in number
If a difference of intervention showed enough difference, it is just chance
Dashed lines (bands) 2 SD above & below the mean
If 2 consecutive data points are outside the bands, accept the null
41
Researcher does not have to provide qualifications for using the new test in an accompanying manual?
True
False
42
What term best fits: eval forms basis for all interventions & should include standardized test admin and interpretation
Assumption of testing intervention
Assumption of testing evaluation
Assumption of testing statistical analysis
Assumption of testing discharge
43
Phase _ used 2 compare different interventions, alternating phases are enhanced by adding Phase _ & return to baseline
B
C
D
A
44
Key concepts in testing distributions of data...
Data from homogeneous populations tend to be skewed
Standardized sampling of behavior that uses data from heterogeneous group
Standardized sampling of behavior bases performance on accepted standards
Heterogeneous populations tend to be normally distributed
45
Change in slope can be...
Zero slope (no change)
Downward slope
Horizontal slope
Upward slope
46
What focuses on the extent to which the intervention is provided in exactly the intended manner?
Treatment problems
Treatment fidelity
Treatment reliability
Treatment validity
47
Which statistical analysis do you use if there is zero slope and at least 6 data points?
Immediate interpretation
Split middle/binomial
Floor & ceiling effect
2 SD approach
48
If a test/assessment/outcome cannot measure below a certain amount?
Floor effect
Baseline effect
Ceiling effect
Dr. E effect
49
Key concept in testing measurement...
Based on ability to be reliable and valid
Derived from factors such as unreliability of instrument, bias, behavior
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
Value of test depends on purpose, ability to predict outcome, consistency
50
Tests can be purchased by individuals by certification or full active membership of professional organization
Level C
Level B
Level Q
Level A
51
Establishing baseline data is a purpose for clinical testing
True
False
52
What does it mean to have multiple baselines?
More than one case study
More than one independent variable
More than one dependent variable
More than one participant
53
Graphs are used to show observations over time
False
True
54
Which of the following is another ethical consideration for researchers during studies?
Results should be reported that can be compared to specified populations
Standardized test procedure should be carefully followed by the tester
Non-informed consent
Not providing the reliability, validity, normative data, and scoring proces
55
What organization determines who administers tests?
APP
Dr. E
POTA
APA
56
How can you increase internal validity of SCED results?
Multiple baselines
Singular baseline
57
What is a weakness of SCED?
Limitations in measurement
Influence of therapeutic relationship on outcomes but difficult to assess
Argument for casual relationship
Non-traditional statistical analysis
58
Degree or license to practice in healthcare or allied healthcare field
Q1
Level C
Level Q
Q2
59
Change in level shows...
Variability in behavior observed
Two standard deviation approach
Dependent variable from 1 phase to next by bump either upward or downward
Split middle/binomial test
60
Tests can be purchased by individuals falling in Q1 or Q2
Level C
Q1
Q2
Level Q
61
Which of the following is a key concept in testing assessment?
Integrating info so that appropriate therapy can be planned
Gathering data from client records, client, family members
Assessment refers2 process of obtaining, interpreting,&doc functionalstatus
Gathering data on performance such as ADLs or observation
62
Evaluating quality of healthcare or education progress for accreditation is a purpose for clinical testing
True
False
63
Key concept in testing test...
Quality of a test to accurately detect change in an individual's behavior
To predict future performance based on current sample of behaviors
Is essentially an objective and standardized measure of sample of behavior
Is a system of assigning scores to a trait or characteristic
64
You're gonna do great on this LAST quiz!!!
True
False
65
What is the floor effect?
When dependent variable scale does not measure below a certain level
When independent variable scale does not measure above a certain level
When independent variable scale does not measure below a certain level
When dependent variable scale does not measure above a certain level
66
Immediate interpretation involves...
Impact of missing data
Mid phase changes
Floor and ceiling effects
Justifiable inferences
67
What is an example of criterion referenced test?
MOCA
Assessment of individual's performance of card distribution
Assessment of individual's independent living skills
Assessment of individual's dependent living skills
68
Why were tests developed?
Identify those whose performance was significantly different from typical
Standardized sampling of behavior bases performance on accepted standards
Determine strengths and areas for improvement to inform intervention plan
Standardized sampling of behavior that uses data from heterogeneous group
69
Key concepts in testing criterion referenced test...
Determine strengths and areas for improvement to inform intervention plan
Identify those whose performance was significantly different from typical
Standardized sampling of behavior bases performance on accepted standards
Standardized sampling of behavior that uses data from heterogeneous group
70
Key concept in testing purpose...
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
To predict future performance based on current sample of behaviors
Is essentially an objective and standardized measure of sample of behavior
Accurately detect change in an individual's behavior
71
Researcher publishing new test should provide reliability, validity, normative data, and scoring process
True
False
72
Key concept in testing value...
Value of test depends on purpose, ability to predict outcome, consistency
Derived from factors such as unreliability of instrument, bias, behavior
Assigning quantitative values to objects or events according to rules
Based on ability to be reliable and valid
73
Time sampling...
The desired outcome performance is measurable
Observer can reliably pick participant out of group & see their behavior
Statistical analysis when slope is in the data
When participant is in a group
74
Assessing the degree of relationship among 16 variables is a purpose for clinical testing
False
True
75
Formal supervised mental health, speech, or education training specific to working w parents & assessing kids
Level D
Q2
Level Q
Q1
76
Assessing your values, interests, or attitudes is a purpose for clinical testing
False
True
