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APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW Flashcards | StudBud
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APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW
APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW
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1
Proactive interference occurs when...
Newer memories cause forgetting of older ones.
We don't have the right information to trigger our memory.
Older memories cause forgetting of newer ones.
Memories fade over time.
2
What is positive reinforcement?
Remove stimulus, increase likelihood of behavior
Add stimulus, increase likelihood of behavior
Remove stimulus, decrease likelihood of behavior
Add stimulus, decrease likelihood of behavior
3
Context-dependent memory
retrieve information worse when in the same setting/context
retrieve information better when in a different setting/context
retrieve information worse when in a different setting/context
retrieve information better when in the same setting/context
4
Classic conditioning cannot be extinguished
False
True
5
Which of the following is an example of the representativeness heuristic?
Judging a situation by a rule that is usually true.
Solving a problem by breaking it down into smaller parts.
Making a judgment according to past experiences.
Believing younger people are more likely to start fights.
6
Convergent Thinking
Coming up with one right answer or way to do a task
The act or process of knowing
Thinking in a variety of ways to solve problems
When a child is performing like an older child
7
What is Figure/Ground?
The Gestalt principle of sameness
The psychology that the brain sees object the same
The principle of backgrounds consisting of multiple elements
Psychology that the eye and mind separate an object from its surroundings
8
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
achievement
triarchic
standardized
9
What is source amnesia?
Forget past, can not make new memories
Attributing memories to a wrong source
Amnesia for what the word "Source" means
The source of all amnesia
10
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
11
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
12
In Pavlov's research what was the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?
Food ---> Salivation
Bell ---> No salivation
Bell ---> Salivation
Bell + Food ---> Salivation
13
Fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement
Duh....
Depend on a fixed number of responses
is shown to serve as punishment
provides reinforcement after set lengths of time
14
A mental set is
Tendency to approach a problem the same way
Mental groupings
Conclusions based on assumptions
Step by step procedure
15
what is a negative reinforcement example
give my sister candy if she cleans up her toys
Bob does the dishes in order to avoid his mom’s nagging.
i dont have an example
16
What is a circadian rhythm?
Cognitive clock that lasts more than 24 hours
Biological clock that lasts about 24 hours
Biological clock that lasts more than 24 hours
Cognitive clocks that last about 24 hours
17
When does observational learning occur?
When the learned response is previously neutral.
When responding is influenced by the observation of others.
When an animal's innate response interfere with processes.
When a change in behavior is due to experience.
18
Fluid intelligence is which of the following?
the ability to process old information in novel situations
the ability to process new information in novel situations
the ability to process both old and new information
the ability to remember childhood events
19
Which of the following is the correct definition of a schema?
A structure of interconnected neurons in the brain
A representation of behaviour
A long term memory store for personal events
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret info
20
Sensory adaptation is your body adapting to withstand the elements for survival purposes.
True
False
21
Convergence is an example of
brightness constancy
shape constancy
a monocular cue
a binocular cue
22
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
23
Taste aversion:
learning to avoid a particular food, by a bad experience
not eating at a fast food place
avoiding that flavor
only ordering one food where you go
24
What is inattentional blindness?
System for sensing position and movement of body parts
Illusion
Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere
25
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
give a child a piece of candy to stop them from having a fit
saying "NO!" sharply to your dog when he jumps up on a guest
a hockey player spending time in a penalty box for fighting
give a jockey weights to carry as a handicap in a horse race
26
Retinal disparity occurs because:
The brain detects movement of the muscles in the eyes
Our eyes are in different positions and see different things
Our brain automatically fills in parts of images
Our brain reads pictorial depth cues to interpret depth
27
Cognitive Map
the diminishing of a conditioned response
desire to perform behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid punishment
type of learning in which one links 2 or more stimuli& anticipate events
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
28
Long Term Potentiation is
long-lasting decrease in strength of synaptic transmission.
The re-routing of a neuron
long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections
The potential of the neuron to fire glutamate
29
Procedural memory refers to:
how-to knowledge.
memory for facts and events.
verbal storage representations.
chunking of information in working memory.
30
Mirror neurons explain
modeling
spontaneous recovery
yawning when another person yawns
the "aha" experience
31
ACCOMMODATION OF SIGHT
ADJUSTING LENSES FOR NEAR OBJECTS
ADJUSTING LENS FOR APPROPRIATE VISION
ADJUSTING THE CLARITY OF THE LENS FOR NEAR & FAR DISTANCES
32
Definition: flashbulb memory
a lightbulb you can buy at home depot
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
a memory that lasts a second
a flash of light triggers an old memory
33
Which of the following represents perceptual constancy?
We reconize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it
Smelling old spice and always thinking of your grandpa
The color of a page does not change when it is in shadow
Cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after a while
34
signal detection theory
minimum difference that a person can detect stimuli
predicting how and when we detect the presence of a stimulus
the activation of memory response
two stimuli that differ by a constant minimum percentage
35
The original IQ test was developed...
in Austria, during WW2
in the US, at Stanford University
in Nazi Germany, as a tool to discriminate
in France when school became required for all children
36
The Gestalt Principle of Simplicity is referred to how...
We focus on simpler things, rather than complex things
We see complex figures divided into simpler figures
We find complicated senses harder to perceive
Focusing on easier to understand stimuli vs. difficult
37
What is an example of difference threshold?
Seeing that navy is slightly darker than blue
Hearing a soft sound
None of the above
Reading a set of small letters
38
Procedural memory refers to:
memory for facts and events.
verbal storage representations.
chunking of information in working memory.
how-to knowledge.
39
What is POSITIVE PUNISHMENT example?
Giving a child an ice cream cone for good grades
Taking away a child's cell phone for bad grades
Giving a child more chores for bad grades
Making a child do less chores after getting good grades
40
Insight Learning
History of reinforced behavior influences the sudden flash of “insight”
Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of solution
mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate
learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement
41
What is retrograde amnesia?
Memory for anything new becomes impossible
when you can't remember the first few years of life
when you're able to remember info, not where you learned it
loss of memory from the point of some injury
42
An example of absolute threshold is...
Neither
The softest sound you can hear on a hearing test
The smallest letters you can read on a vision test
Both
43
Subliminal perception
takes place at a level below conscious awareness.
takes place when neurons misfire.
takes place in the cerebral cortex.
takes place in the lower brain.
44
Heuristics are ___?
simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly.
trial and error problem-solving strategies.
methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems.
thinking strategies that often hasten insights.
45
Misinformation Effect:
Influenced by the first pieve of info that we hear
Refusing to listen to the opposite side
Memories to be influenced by things that happened after the event
First impression
46
dissociative amnesia
same individual posses 2 or more personalities
extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress
47
Iconic and echoic memory occurs:
working memory
Long term memory
short term memory
Sensory memory
48
During fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced after…
Some amount of time has passed
A consistent ratio of responses
An inconsistent ratio of responses
A consistent amount of time
49
According to Albert Bandura, ________
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
50
Converting physical energy into neural impulses is called
Attention
Absolute threshold
Transduction
Sensation
51
What type of learning is shaping involved in?
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
52
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Storage decay is rapid if one did not really encode.
We remember things that were encoded as a flashbulb memory.
We can positively transfer what we remember.
Rapid storage decay initially followed by leveling off
53
Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?
applause
money
electric shock
food
54
principle of closure is...
The tendency to perceive as units stimuli that are physically similar to on
The tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete.
55
Top-Down Processing
the use of previous knowledge to organize sensory information
Adaptations
6th sense: enables you to know where your body parts are located
the idea that color vision is based on two pairs of opponents
56
Gestalt psychology emphasizes
unconscious
evolution
whole
behavior
57
Bottom Up Processing
Information that starts in the bottom of the brain and works its way up
Based on prior knowledge and experiences
Sensory driven and influences how we perceive things
58
What is metacognition?
Monitoring your own thinking
Playing brain games
Setting a purpose
Using study skills
59
Selective attention is...
the ability to ignore distractions
talking to yourself positively to increase confidence
creating a picture in your mind
going through the activity in your mind
