Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

studbud

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration128 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

Flashcards150 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 150

Answers

1
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
2
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
3
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
4
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
5
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
6
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
7
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
8
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
9
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
oral
anal
10
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
11
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
12
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
cognitive dissonance
conformity
13
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
14
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
15
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
16
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
17
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
light purity
color
18
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
19
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
20
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
21
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
centration
22
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
23
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
REM
24
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
25
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
26
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
27
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
28
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
29
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
30
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
retrieved
encoded
31
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
32
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
33
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
cocaine
marijuana
34
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
35
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
sensation
attention
36
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
37
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
38
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
group polarization
social loafing
conformity
39
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
40
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
41
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
42
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
script
schema
43
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
44
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
45
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
46
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
47
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
48
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
49
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
brainstem
limbic system
cerebellum
50
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
shaping
selection
stimulus discrimination
51
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
sadness
happiness
fear
52
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
53
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
54
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
55
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
56
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
57
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
displacement
fixation
58
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
gamma
delta
alpha
59
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
60
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
61
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
62
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
63
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
obsessions
64
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
65
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
endorphin
66
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
67
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
68
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
69
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
70
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
71
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
72
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
73
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
74
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
75
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
76
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
relearning
recognition
77
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
78
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
criterion-related
content
79
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
80
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
81
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
82
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
83
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
84
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
85
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test scales
test levels
86
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
87
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
platonic
morphemic
mnemonic
88
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
89
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
90
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
pitch
timbre
91
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
92
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
93
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
gonads
94
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
95
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
96
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
97
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
frustration
change
pressure
98
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
99
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
100
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
avoidance
repression
101
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
102
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
103
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
104
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
105
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
106
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
107
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
108
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
sing a song
109
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
110
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
111
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
112
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
113
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
114
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
115
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
116
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
117
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
118
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
119
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
smell buds
120
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
121
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
light
122
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
vitreous humor
iris
123
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
124
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
125
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
126
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
127
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
128
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
creativity
intelligence
129
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
130
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
131
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
132
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
133
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
134
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
135
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
136
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
musical
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
137
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
138
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
139
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
an obsession
140
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
141
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
midpoint
mean
142
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
143
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
144
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
a personality test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
145
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
146
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
thalamus
147
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
fluid
crystallized
148
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
149
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
150
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud