Midterm Review

Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (later renamed Medina) from Mecca

Roman military units made up of 5,000 infantry soldiers with cavalry support

Poet who spent 10 years writing famous works of Latin literature the Aeneid, the epic of Aeneas

A 29-year-old Carthaginian military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat

The dispersal of Jews after forced exile by Romans in 132 B.C.

This person protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

Extraordinary Muslim state in southern Spain

Caliph al-Ma’mun opened a combination library, academy, and translation

Command the army, direct the government, 1 year term, could not be elected again for ten years

"Supreme general of the emperor’s army” military dictator

“exalted one” title Octavian accepted after becoming unchallenged ruler of Rome

Government jobs that civilians obtain by taking an exam

“Universal ruler” of Mongol clans

A society headed by the eldest male (family)

“submission to the will of Allah”

Successor or deputy of Muhammad

Hindu god, preserver of the world

The group that accepted the new doctrines of Buddha

The mixing elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture

Wealthy landowners who held most of the power in Rome

“city of Constantine” formerly Byzantium, the new capital of Roman Empire

“The way of the warrior” demanding code of behavior of the Samurai

Aristocratic branch, legislative and administrative, 300 members chosen from upper class

A priest who supervised several local churches

Mounded stone structures built over holy relics

Nomadic people that herded domestic animals

Rejected luxurious life of Umayyads, pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path

The language of Tamil people in Southern India

The father or head of the Christian Church, also bishop of Rome

A vast network of caravan routes used to bring silk from China to western Asia and then Rome

Caliphate formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

Islam God

The process of making conquered people part of Chinese culture

Followers of Muhammad’s example, did not outwardly resist the Umayyads

He traveled to Rome from Jerusalem and became the first bishop there

Grandson of Genghis Khan, “Great Khan” in 1260

one of India’s greatest writers, wrote Shakuntala

Foreign soldiers who fought for money

A group of three rulers (Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey) who ruled Rome for ten years

The emperor who ruled 626-649 began achievements of Tang Dynasty (618-907)

One of the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a city-and-temple complex

A form of government where the power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders

Jew born 6 – 4 B.C. in town called Bethlehem in Judea

Roman town covered in volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. preserving buildings and art

Kinship groups

The most powerful group that took control of the empire after Umayyads fell

In modern-day Cambodia, main power Southeast Asia

Roman historian, presented facts accurately, Annals and Histories, good and bad of Rome

12 men who followed Jesus and wrote the Gospels

Mongol Peace

Ruled China for more than 400 years, divided into two periods

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Appointed for six months in a time of crisis had absolute power to make laws & command the army

Chandragupta gathered an army, killed the unpopular Nanda king, and claimed the throne in 321BC

“one who has submitted”

Chandragupta’s grandson, brought Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights, promotes Buddhism

Venetian trader, served Kublai Khan for 17 years

Holy book of Islam

The family that moved Muslim capital to Damascus

The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population in Rome

“Way of the gods” Japanese Religion

Islamic house of worship

Hindu god, destroyer of the world

“Party” of Ali, believed caliph needed to be descendent of Muhammad, known as Shi’ites.

A drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices

Designed by Roman engineers to bring water into cities and towns

“Roman peace” (27 B.C. to 180 A.D.) 207 years of peace and prosperity in Roman Empire

When a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods

Muhammad’s example

Interchangeable characters in a frame to make a print page

The group that held on to Buddha’s stricter, original teachings

Emperor who began Roman support of Christianity after answered prayers for victory in battle

“One who serves” loyal warriors who acted as bodyguards for lords

Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled into a body of law

Empress ruled 660-690 unofficially, was only woman to seize power, Tang campaign in Korea (668)

Enormous influence on Christianity’s development, first against Christianity, changed his mind

Chieftain of Huns that united them for the first time in 444 and terrorized the Roman Empire

A conflict between groups within the same country.

The military leader who joined forces with Crassus (wealthy Roman) and Pompey (popular general)

Hindu god, the center of the world

Scholar-officials and their family, well-to-do class in Chinese Society

When a central authority controls the running of a state

The art of beautiful handwriting

Dynasty that lasted 450 years (935-1392)

The acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs

Chandra Gupta married daughter of a royal family flowering of Indian civilization Hindu culture

Was born into clan of powerful Meccan family, final prophet of Allah

284 A.D. army leader became new emperor and restored order to empire and increased its strength

A society headed by the eldest female (family)