Ralph knows that smoking is bad for his health, but he still smokes. Cognitive dissonance theory says that Ralph will...

focus on the social advantages to smoking

What is enculturation?

Learning and adopting the values, norms, and behaviors of your own culture

Which of these studies was met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?

Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience

Which of the following hypotheses would most likely be evaluated by an industrial-organizational psychologist?

Improved lighting conditions will lead to increased worker productivity

Which of the following best reflects a situational/external attribution?

Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair.

Kristin sees a man fall to the ground. Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of her helping him?

The man fell at a crowded farmers market.

An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?

When the bystander is the only other person present

The term group polarization refers to the tendency for

prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion

Which is NOT a method for reducing dissonance after refusing to contribute money for a gift to a coworker?

Saying a phrase such as “I am so rude” over and over

The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following?

Overestimate the influence of personal qualities compared to situational

Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students’ poor performance on their geography exam:

“The students just do not care enough about their grades.”

The results of Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience suggested that

most people will obey perceived authority figures’ instructions to harm

Which of the following examples best represents altruism?

Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.

When his team wins, Joe says it is because his team is good. When his team loses, it is because the refs made bad calls.

self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is

An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?

When the bystander is the only other person present

What is culture generally understood to be?

A collection of behaviors, attitudes, and identities shared by a group

Dhyana is tasked with designing a political campaign that utilizes the peripheral route to persuasion

Hiring a well-known actress to stand next to the candidate at a rally

During a debate, Candidate A expresses detailed facts on an important issue. Candidate B responds with emotional appeal

A is using the central route, and B is using the peripheral route.

Which of the following scenarios best represents conformity?

Beth becomes vegan when starting college because her new friends are vegan

Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?

Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with peers.

According to the fundamental attribution error, what is likely to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failure?

The classmate was too lazy to study hard.

Which is a dispositional attribution for the reason a student fell asleep in class?

The student does not care about the class.

Of the following students, who is most clearly demonstrating a dispositional/internal attribution?

Martin who says he earned a spot on the football team through his hard work

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UNIT REVIEW - Sociocutural

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Answers

1
Ralph knows that smoking is bad for his health, but he still smokes. Cognitive dissonance theory says that Ralph will...
start smoking more frequently
gather information on the dangers of smoking
focus on the social advantages to smoking
argue that his friends should stop smoking
2
What is enculturation?
The rejection of cultural traditions in favor of modern practices
The process of creating entirely new cultural traditions
Learning and adopting the values, norms, and behaviors of your own culture
The forced assimilation of minority cultures into a dominant culture
3
These cultures often place more emphasis on group instead of personal achievement.
Collectivist
Intrinsic
Individualistic
Social-cognitive
4
Lisa is a college English major. She believes all math majors are analytical, logical, and serious.
Out-group homogeneity bias
In-group bias
Group polarization
Stereotype threat
5
Which of these studies was met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?
Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience
Solomon Asch’s studies on conformity
Muzafer Sherif’s Robbers Cave study
Irving Janis’ studies on groupthink
6
When Jer hears that his neighbor’s house was robbed, he says he deserved it because he leaves his door unlocked.
The fundamental attribution error
The availability heuristic
Out-group homogeneity bias
The just-world hypothesis
7
A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee criticizes everything they do. The new employee then does bad.
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The halo effect
The Hawthorne effect
Latent learning
8
People who find themselves engaging in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience
social facilitation
homeostasis
cognitive dissonance
an approach-avoidance conflict
9
One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
counterconformity
bystander apathy
10
When watching the Olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country.
Social facilitation
Mere-exposure effect
In-group bias
Groupthink
11
Which of the following hypotheses would most likely be evaluated by an industrial-organizational psychologist?
Improved lighting conditions will lead to increased worker productivity
A new drug will have a significant effect on reducing symptoms of depressio
Personal daily gratitude practices will lead to higher levels of happiness
Group identification will influence attitudes and behaviors toward outgroup
12
Kat asks her dad to buy her the priciest phone. When he refuses, she asks for the less expensive phone she really wanted
Lowballing
Informational social influence
The foot-in-the-door technique
The door-in-the-face technique
13
Ms. Troyna finds that students who plagiarize the most overestimate how often other students plagiarize.
False consensus effect
Hindsight bias
Halo effect
Fundamental attribution theory
14
Which of the following best reflects a situational/external attribution?
Dan practices his violin before his lesson.
Sheila believes poor people are responsible for their financial problems.
Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair.
George believes that working hard will lead to a promotion at work.
15
People who are part of a crowd sometimes commit aggressive, antisocial acts that they would not commit if alone
Deindividuation
Cognitive dissonance
Groupthink
Social facilitation
16
Kristin sees a man fall to the ground. Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of her helping him?
The man fell at a crowded farmers market.
The man clearly states that he needs help.
Kristin's empathy is high.
Kristin feels distress with not helping.
17
Marissa is a good tennis player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger.
the self-serving bias
social facilitation
a social schema
the bystander effect
18
Jim is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone.
Social loafing
Normative social influence
Group polarization
Social facilitation
19
An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
When the injury is severe
When the bystander is the only other person present
When it is unclear if the injured person needs help
When the other people present are not helping the injured person
20
When people evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other members of society or social circles.
Social comparison
Mere exposure effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Actor-observer bias
21
The primary difference between the central route and the peripheral route to persuasion is whether it focuses on
Historical events
The content of the message
Internal attributions
Social roles
22
In Milgram’s classic research what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock?
60%
40%
85%
25%
23
The term group polarization refers to the tendency for
a single leader to eventually dominate most groups
one or more group members to eventually have their opinions disregarded
prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion
two opposing factions to emerge within a group
24
Which is NOT a method for reducing dissonance after refusing to contribute money for a gift to a coworker?
Repeating the thought that the coworker makes a lot and doesn't need a gift
Saying a phrase such as “I am so rude” over and over
Volunteering to buy a gift for another coworker for a different occasion
Making a donation to a charity in the coworker’s name
25
The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following?
Underestimate the influence of unconscious motivation
Mold their interpretations of the past to fit how events actually turnedout
Incorrectly assume that all behavior is determined by genetic factors
Overestimate the influence of personal qualities compared to situational
26
When Al scores low on his test he blames the difficulty. When he hears Chuck scored low, he says it's cause Chuck's dumb
Displacement
The actor-observer bias
Belief perseverance
A self-fulfilling prophecy
27
Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students’ poor performance on their geography exam:
“It was too cold. Maybe that’s why the students did poorly.”
“The students just do not care enough about their grades.”
“I will have to present the material to them another way and retest.”
“Maybe I am just not a good teacher.”
28
The results of Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience suggested that
people usually obey their consciences when given orders
most people resist social coercion
obedient people are unable to empathize with others
most people will obey perceived authority figures’ instructions to harm
29
Which of the following examples best represents altruism?
Darby helps his boss in order to get some overtime pay.
Josie forms a study group to hold herself accountable for studying.
Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.
Benny does extra work on a group project to impress his friends.
30
Even though Eli prefers romantic comedy movies, he often goes to action-adventure movies to fit in with his friends.
normative social influence
obedience
informational social influence
the reciprocity norm
31
When his team wins, Joe says it is because his team is good. When his team loses, it is because the refs made bad calls.
self-serving bias, because he thinks all referees are unfair
self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is
conformity, because his team follows all the rules of the game
conformity, because he sees his team as being better than it is
32
An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
When a large number of people are present
When the other people present are not helping the injured person
When the bystander is the only other person present
When the injury is severe
33
What is culture generally understood to be?
A set of genetic traits passed down through generations
A collection of behaviors, attitudes, and identities shared by a group
A biological adaptation unique to human evolution
A rigid system that does not change over time
34
The failure of bystanders to give victims of car accidents needed assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of
mere exposure effect
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
deindividuation
35
The just-world hypothesis would best explain which of the following phenomena?
Blaming the victim
Cognitive dissonance
Bystander apathy
The need for power
36
Dhyana is tasked with designing a political campaign that utilizes the peripheral route to persuasion
Hiring a well-known actress to stand next to the candidate at a rally
Hosting a six-hour town hall meeting
Hosting one-on-one meetings between the candidate and potential voters
Visiting political science classes at local colleges
37
During a debate, Candidate A expresses detailed facts on an important issue. Candidate B responds with emotional appeal
A is using the central route, and B is using the foot-in-the-door technique
A is using the peripheral route, and B is using the central route.
A is using the central route, and B is using the peripheral route.
A is using the peripheral route, and B is using the door-in-the-face techni
38
After spending time with her coworker James at a week-long conference, Deb finds herself attracted to him.
A social trap
The mere-exposure effect
The fundamental attribution error
Deindividuation
39
Because the popular students in the high school wear a particular brand of shoe, a new student buys a pair.
Compliance
Groupthink
Obedience
Conformity
40
Which of the following scenarios best represents conformity?
Beth becomes vegan when starting college because her new friends are vegan
Marwa's coworker covers her shift, so next weekend Marwa helps her out
Even though most hate lions, they do a project on lions for group harmony
Teacher says not to use cell phones, so Chris doesn't use his cell phone
41
Which of the following is most useful in under-standing an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance?
Arousal theory
Cognitive dissonance
Reinforcement theory
Attribution theory
42
Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?
People perform well-learned behaviors better in the presence of others
Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with peers.
Most people sleep at least six hours a night.
The average annual income of industrial workers in 1972 was $7,250.
43
The more bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This result is explained by
group polarization
ethnocentrism
altruism
diffusion of responsibility
44
According to the fundamental attribution error, what is likely to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failure?
The classmate was not well.
The classmate was too lazy to study hard.
The classmate missed class too often.
There were too many picky questions on the exam.
45
Alone, Jaci puts good effort and meets deadlines. In a group, she rarely attends meetings and always misses the deadline
ethnocentrism
social loafing
group polarization
groupthink
46
The more bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This is explained by:
Ethnocentrism
Diffusion of responsibility
Group polarization
Altruism
47
After discussion, a group makes a decision more extreme than the prior average position of all of the group members.
group consensus
diffusion of responsibility
group consistency
group polarization
48
Bill mistakenly believes that Natalia dislikes him. So, Bill avoids her. Natalia notices this and begins to dislike Bill
Stereotype threat
Mere-exposure effect
Obedience
Self-fulfilling prophecy
49
The process by which one evaluates the causes of other people’s behavior is called
attribution
cognitive dissonance
social cognition
persuasion
50
Which is a dispositional attribution for the reason a student fell asleep in class?
The class is boring.
The warm temperature of the room put the student to sleep.
The student does not care about the class.
The class was scheduled too early in the morning.
51
Of the following students, who is most clearly demonstrating a dispositional/internal attribution?
Tyler, who says he lost class president because the election was rigged
Jane, who says she failed a test because her teacher hates her
Martin who says he earned a spot on the football team through his hard work
Lyle, who says his team won the quiz bowl tournament because they got lucky
52
What is acculturation?
The complete replacement of one culture with another
The rejection of all cultural traditions and beliefs
Adopting elements of another culture while maintaining your original cultur
The process of isolating cultures to prevent external influences
53
Katie explaining to her parents why they should let her go to CMU. She presents them info on tuition + financial aid
The central route to persuasion
The door-in-the-face technique
The self-serving bias
An algorithm
54
People were asked to sign a petition in support of a candidate. Later, those who signed were asked to donate money
The self-serving bias
The door-in-the-face technique
Social facilitation
The foot-in-the-door technique
55
People often judge their own sense of deprivation relative to others
Fundamental attribution error
Mere exposure effect
Relative deprivation
Self-fulfilling prophecy
56
In Milgram’s experiments, what explains the willingness to apply increasingly intense shocks to the confederate?
Groupthink
Social facilitation
Door-in-the-face
Foot-in-the-door
57
A basic assumption underlying the definition of groupthink is that
more reasonable decisions are made by groups than by individuals
decisions made by groups are more extreme than those made by individuals
group members desire peace and harmony within the group
members are primarily interested in their own advancement within the group
58
An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the
Career development of high school students
Industrialization of the United States
Cognitive development of adults
Effectiveness of management training
59
Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology?
People often conform because of peer pressure.
People often perform better when working in a group than when working alone
People in a group lose their individual identity and become more cohesive.
A person seeing an emergency alone is more likely to help than in a group.
60
In experiments on obedience, what is an explanation for participants’ willingness to apply increasingly intense shocks
Anchoring
Groupthink
Social facilitation
Foot-in-the-door
61
Claude, a waiter, gives extra appetizers to his return customers because they often tip him more when he does.
The proximity effect
Social facilitation
The reciprocity norm
Normative social influence
62
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation?
A child smiles more often with family members than with strangers
An athlete performs better in games before a large crowd than in practice
An editor’s productivity increases when she is given a private office
A student scores higher on tests taken with classmates than with strangers
63
Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a
colleague of similar rank
legitimate authority
physically attractive individual
close friend
64
According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to
the low level of difficulty of the exam
his instructor's teaching ability
good luck
his intelligence
65
The tendency to believe another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors as opposed to environmental factors
impression management
the fundamental attribution error
situational attribution
an implicit personality theory
66
In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by...
The presence of a single dissenter
Frequent interaction among the group members
The appointment of a democratic leader
The threat of punishment
67
A student has just failed an exam. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be evidence of the self-serving bias?
“I didn’t study hard enough.”
“My teacher hates me.”
“That material was so hard that no one could have passed that class.”
“I was having a pretty bad day when I took that test.”
68
Why might those from collectivist cultures be less likely than those from individualist cultures to seek psychotherapy?
They may be more likely to experience learned helplessness.
They focus on the self, so will handle it on their own
They are more motivated to research all treatment options.
They may feel less comfortable with communicating their personal needs.
69
Kristin sees a 40yo man fall. Which of the following situations would decrease the likelihood of her helping him?
Kristin feels distress with not helping.
The man is Kristin's cousin.
The man fell at a crowded farmers market.
Kristin's empathy is high.
70
Which of the following best illustrates group polarization?
Trisha did very little work on the group project
After the pep rally, the students in the school had even more school spirit
Kima put on a mascot costume and began to taunt and yell at opposing fans
After a crowd began to form around him, Kendall started playing better.
71
Placing group needs above one’s own needs is known as
collectivism
ethnocentrism
ego defense
cognitive dissonance
72
Lisa admires a musician who she thinks is attractive. Because of the musician’s looks, Lisa assumes he is smart and kind
Social comparison
Self-serving bias
Overconfidence
The halo effect
73
Lori reads 12 research studies that say REM sleep is important for memory. She doesn't believe it + stays up all night.
Confirmation bias
Belief perseverance
Fundamental attribution error
Self-fulfilling prophecy
74
Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which psychological discipline?
Human factors psychology
Industrial-organizational psychology
Counseling psychology
Community psychology
75
Employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers
Double the workers' wages
Monitor workers and punish the ones who are lazy
Redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility
Pay per hour rather than per quantity produced
76
Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity?
If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, conformity decreased
Subjects conformed less when their judgments were made known to the group
People conformed if they knew and respected the authority figure present
An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased conformity
77
Which of the following examples describes groupthink?
No one wanted to disagree, so they picked an ugly beige color paint.
A professor drops a stack of papers in a crowded hallway, and no one helps
Company makes employees wear khaki pants, so they all wear khaki pants
Josiah runs slower for a relay race than he does when running individually
78
In Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments, subject were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the
“learner” said that he had a heart condition
subject observed other subjects who refused to obey the orders
experimenter told hesitant subjects, “You have no choice, you must go on”
“learner” screamed loudly in pain
79
After Kelly’s friends all buy the same red striped sweatshirt, Kelly buys one as well, even though she doesn’t like red.
Deindividuation
Obedience
Normative social influence
Informational social influence
80
The process by which important group decisions may be distorted because different viewpoints are not encouraged
Groupthink
Just-world hypothesis
Social loafing
Pluralistic ignorance
81
Marc performs poorly on a psych exam and explains his failure by saying, “That test was so hard no one could pass it.”
the fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
the just-world hypothesis
the representativeness heuristic
82
Michelle paid for the lunch, and as a result, Jill feels that she should do something for Michelle.
The fundamental attribution error
Social facilitation
Altruism
The reciprocity norm
83
“It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured.” This belief is best explained by
cognitive dissonance theory
the two-factor theory of emotion
drive-reduction theory
evolutionary psychology
84
What field of psychology analyzes the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management
Educational
Clinical
Quantitative
Industrial/organizational
85
Which phenomenon was demonstrated when participants in Milgram’s experiment administered the highest level of voltage?
Obedience
Group cohesion
Conformity
Deindividuation
86
Rick believes his basketball coach doesn’t like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes him
Confirmation bias
The Flynn effect
Overregularization
Retroactive interference
87
Which of the following is an individual more likely to do when working in a group?
Provide needed help to a stranger
Increase effort on a project
Show a decline in work output
Endorse an opinion with low popularity among group members
88
A stereotype is defined as which of the following?
A belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others
A negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group
A generalization about a social group
An adjustment of one’s behavior in response to peer pressure
89
Ethnocentrism is described in which scenario?
Sharon shops only at businesses owned by a certain ethnic group
Oren refuses to be lab partners with any of the girls in his class
Justin feels anxiety whenever he is around someone from another country
Martin distrusts a religion because it is uncommon where he lives
90
What is cultural transmission?
The way cultural values are passed from one generation to the next
The rejection of traditional values in favor of modern ideas
The loss of culture due to globalization
The transformation of one culture into another through conquest
91
Which of the following examples represents the concept of the mere-exposure effect?
Ritu fell in love with her favorite movie the first time she saw it
Ryan grows to like a commercial the more he watches that commercial
Alexei believes everything that her favorite singer says on social media
Douglas prefers to watch movies only once, as he hates repeated information
92
Lily believes all young men are reckless drivers. Which of the following concepts best represents Lily’s belief?
Pessimistic explanatory style
Stereotype
Situational attribution
Discrimination
93
When Julie’s BF bought her a nice present, she thought, “He buys me presents because he’s such a nice person.” This is
a belief in a just world
an attribution
social facilitation
a stereotype

UNIT REVIEW - Sociocutural Flashcards | StudBud