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What are the three phases of Nida’s system of translation?

What are the two ‘basic orientations’ of translation described by Nida?

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1
What are the two ‘basic orientations’ of translation described by Nida?
Formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence
Formal equivalence and equivalent effect
Formal correspondence and dynamic translation
2
What are the three phases of Nida’s system of translation?
Analysis, transfer and exegesis
Analysis, transfer and restructuring
Analysis, translation and back transformation
3
What is Jakobson’s stance towards equivalence of meaning between languages?
Linguistic relativity makes translation impossible
All things are translatable except perhaps poetry
The problem of cross-cultural difference often makes translation impossible
4
What is a tertium comparationis?
A comparison in which departure from meaning in an ST and TT may be gauged
A translation that is used to create a dynamic equivalent
Formal equivalence
5
Which of Newmark’s types of translation corresponds to Nida’s ‘dynamic equivalence’?
Literal translation
Communicative translation
Semantic translation
6
Which of Koller’s types of equivalence corresponds to Nida’s ‘dynamic equivalence’?
Connotative equivalence
Pragmatic equivalence
Text-normative equivalence
7
What are the meanings of Saussure’s terms langue and parole?
Parole is the system of language and langue is the individual utterances
Langue is written language and parole is spoken language
Langue is the system of language and parole is the individual utterances
8
What are the types of meaning that Nida analyses?
Linguistic, referential and connotative meaning
Structural, semantic and pragmatic meaning
Dictionary and emotive meaning