How do brain damaged patients not support the model?

It over simplified memory, HM can still learn mirror drawing so there may be more store, KF doesn’t explain how info is passed to the LTM

What is the issue with the central executive ?

There is little research into it, Lack of clarity

Which list was more difficult to remember?

List of words with same meaning

What is explicit memory?

Fact based knowlede, Memories of knowing what

Why might context not be relevant?

Doesn’t help with recognition of offender

What did they have to do?

Say whether the statement was true or false

What did he conclude?

Post event discussion can have an effect on accuracy

Recall was higher when...

They were in the same environment

How does brain imaging support the WMM?

Suggests different parts of the brain are used

Why light EWT research lack ecological validity?

It is lab research in artificial environments

What was the key finding?

Participants found it hard to learn later lists

Implicit memories, Procedural memories

What did Bahrick conclude?

Classmates are rarely forgotten, Long term memory had a long duration

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Human memory Flashcards | StudBud

Human memory

299 termsStudBud Administration10 plays

A Quiz! based on #aqapsychology #alevel #paper1 #paperone #memory

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Questions 299

Answers

1
Some participants were then given an interference task, what was it ?
Describe the story of a book
Describe The face of a criminal
Describe 3 paintings
Describe the plot of a movie
2
How do brain damaged patients not support the model?
It over simplified memory
The model may be reductionist
HM can still learn mirror drawing so there may be more store
KF doesn’t explain how info is passed to the LTM
3
Which part of the working memory model controls the other parts?
Visuo spatial sketch pad
Central executive
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
4
Which study has supported the phonological loop?
Consonant trigram
Line study
Immediate digit span
Word length effect
5
What evidence is there that it lacks ecological validity?
Canada gun shop robbery
England gun shop robbery
Jamaica gun shop robbery
America gun shop robbery
6
What is the issue with the central executive ?
There is little research into it
Lack of clarity
No explanation for the LTM
It has a limited capacity
7
Had both people witnessed the crime?
Yes
No
8
Can info be lost due to forgetting at this stage?
Yes
No
9
How long after did the participants have to recall the words?
48 hours
19 hours
1 week
24 hours
10
What was the accuracy score in this after 15 years?
80%
90%
60%
70%
11
Which list was more difficult to remember?
List of words with same meaning
List of words with non similar meaning
12
What is the duration on long term memory?
From 10 minutes to 1 hour
Minutes to a lifetime
30 seconds to 10 years
From birth to death
13
What is the second explanation for forgetting ?
Interruption
Time
Decay
Retrieval failure
14
And they were tested by...
Their partner
Their dad
Their own instructor
Their mum
15
How many lists did the first group have to learn?
13
10
2
1
16
What is explicit memory?
Memories we aren’t consciously aware of
Fact based knowlede
Memories of knowing how
Memories of knowing what
17
Was there age related differences?
No
Yes
18
Why might context not be relevant?
It might not always work so well
Doesn’t help with recognition of offender
It doesn’t help with finding out why the crime happened
19
How many elements are there of the episodic memory?
2
4
1
3
20
What did they have to do?
Read the statement in their head
Say whether the statement was true or false
Read the statement aloud
Write the statement down
21
How much more effective is the cognitive interview than the standard interview?
28%
63%
27%
35%
22
Was there an increase in the number of errors?
Yes
No
23
What were they given to stop them rehearsing?
A tv programme to watch
An interference task
An injection
A coffee break
24
What was the accuracy score for this fir up to after 34 years?
90%
50%
80%
70%
25
What did the results from the first task show when combined with version 1 or 3?
Performance wasn’t affected
They took longer than the other group
26
The word hit was replaced with how many different words?
6
3
5
9
27
And she asked...
Did you see a broken windscreen
Did you see a broken wing mirror
Did you see a broken window
Did you see a broken headlight
28
What did he conclude?
Post event discussion can have an effect on accuracy
People are easily influenced by others
People can easily remember info they don’t know
29
What is the third one?
Report everything
Reinstate the context
Change perspective
Change sequence
30
What does this suggest ?
Interference caused forgetting
Decay caused forgetting
Rugby players have limited memory
31
Seeing what raises witnesses arousal past optimum?
Crime
Violence
Something scary
Something shocking
32
What is the first one?
Report everything
Change perspective
Change sequence
Reinstate the context
33
Recall was higher when...
They were in a different environment
They were in the same environment
34
The second group were...
Parents
Older adults
Retired people
Nurses
35
How many explanations are there for forgetting?
1
5
3
2
36
Which word gave the lowest estimate?
Smashed
Bumped
Collided
Contacted
37
How does brain imaging support the WMM?
Suggests different parts of the brain are used
Shows what part of the brain is active at a time
Use of EEG’s shows how we react to stimuli
38
What is procedural memory?
Emotional based memory
Time based memory
Facts based memory
Skills based memory
39
In the key study into retroactive, what did the participants have to learn?
A sequence of numbers
A series of word pairs
An extract from a book
Nonsense syllables
40
What could he still do?
Walk
Play piano
Learn new motor skills
Play the trumpet
41
What part of the working memory does this occupy?
Phonological loop
Visuo spatial sketch pad
Episodic buffer
Central executive
42
What part of the brain does semantic use?
OFC
Optic chiasm
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
43
Can it be lost to forgetting at this stage?
Yes
No
44
What does LOP stand for?
Levels of preoccupation
Levels of procedure
Levels of premeditation
Levels of processing
45
Why light EWT research lack ecological validity?
The cognitive interview might not be effective
Crime isn’t watched through videos
It is lab research in artificial environments
The research is mainly correlational
46
What was the key finding?
Participants found it hard to remember early lists
Participants found it hard to learn later lists
47
Who conducted the key study into this?
Cooper
Burger
Underwood
Goodwin
48
Which real world study supports this?
Tennis player study
Ruby player study
Swimmer study
Football player study
49
What could HM form?
Implicit memories
Semantic memories
Procedural memories
Explicit memories
50
What did Bahrick conclude?
People are good at remembering others
Classmates are rarely forgotten
Long term memory had a long duration
This is only one type of memory
51
The witnesses were able to recall the incident in...
Exact detail
Vague detail
Limited detail
Great detail
52
And that their responses would...
Influence the trial
Be used as evidence
Be recorded for training purposes
53
Did they later report they had seen a second person?
Yes
No
54
How many participants did he have?
120
60
100
40
55
Select the answer which is an example of a semantic memory...
Paris is the capital of France
How you felt when you were going to an exam
How to tie your shoe lace
First day at a new job
56
How many days of training did he receive?
1 week
4
1
3
57
Where did they work?
Car rental shop
A garage
Bike rental shop
Truck rental shop
58
What was the accuracy score for this one for up to after 34 years ?
90%
100%
80%
70%
59
What were they ask to do ?
Identify the man
Point out which were celebrities
Guess their ages
Name as many as possible
60
What is the first part called?
The articulatory loop
The phonological store
The articulatory store
The phonological loop
61
How many words were the participants given to remember ?
30
50
100
20
62
Either in...
A church
The same state they were in
A classroom
Another, different state
63
What is the second one?
Memory is most likely retrieved through cues
Memories are context dependent
Memories are state dependent
Long term memory is coded by meaning
64
What is context dependant forgetting?
When you forget due to a change In state
When you forget due to the amount of time between recall
When you forget due to lack of cues
When you forget due to a change in context
65
They did better when...
They were in the different room
They were in the same room
66
What is the problem with the yearbook study and type of memory?
We may see some people in yearbook but not others
It doesn’t give us an actual measure
Memory for faces might be different to other memory
Can’t control participants
67
What percentage of the paper knife group were correct?
33%
36%
25%
39%
68
What was the accuracy score after 48 years?
5%
30%
20%
10%
69
Why is there an issue of cause and effect?
It is reductionist
It is impossible to test if one cue triggered a recall
The research is correlational
70
How many errors did he make on the first day and his first attempt?
30
35
20
22
71
Or in a...
Kitchen
Dining room
Classroom
Different room
72
What was he unable to recall?
How to conduct a sign test
How to play the piano
Episodes of his life
His wife’s name
73
Is there a time limit?
Yes
No
74
After 3 seconds what percentage of participants could remember their syllable?
80%
100%
90%
50%
75
What is the duration of short term memory?
About 20 seconds
About 10 seconds
About 12 seconds
About 18 seconds
76
When is the cognitive interview most effective?
Whenever
After a week
Shortly after event
After a few minutes
77
How many consonants did they have to remember?
1
4
3
2
78
Who is the leading researcher into eyewitness testimony?
Elizabeth Ainsworth
Mary Bell
John Bowlby
Elizabeth Loftus
79
Where does sound based information go?
Iconic memory
Acoustic memory
Echoic memory
Episodic memory
80
What does it do?
Organises visual information
Directs attention to tasks
Deals with speech production
Deals with sound perception
81
What is the second one?
Report everything
Change perspective
Change sequence
Reinstate the context
82
The first task was...
Repeating AND AND AND
Repeating THE THE THE
Repeating BECAUSE BECAUSE BECAUSE
Repeating WHY WHY WHY
83
What does semantic memory usually start as ?
Episodic
Explicit
Implicit
Procedural
84
What is the final stage?
Echoic
Ironic
Long term memory
Iconic
85
How do brain damaged patients support the WMM?
Some have impaired verbal skills but intact spatial ones
Some have intact spatial skills but impaired verbal ones
support from LH as good at verbal tasks but not at visual
86
How many participants?
392
396
394
399
87
How do brain scans support different types of LTM?
Showed which parts of our brains were active at a time
Showed that our brains reacted differently to memory
Showed that different parts of the brain are active
88
Is the capacity unlimited ?
Yes
No
89
Is the cognitive interview effective for everybody?
Yes
No
90
The first group were...
Police officers
Students
Teachers
Librarians
91
Who tested this?
Bahrick
Burger
Bowlby
Anderson
92
What didn’t the participants realise?
The experiment had started
They didn’t have the right to withdraw
The experiment was a set up
The experiment was going to be voluntary
93
But they had actually...
Been deceived completely
Watched it with no sound
They had viewed it from different perspectives
Watched completely different videos
94
What was the first way they were tested?
Name recognition
Name and face matching test
Free recall of names
Photo recognition
95
But there was...
No broken headlight
No broken wing mirror
No broken windscreen
No broken window
96
How is short term memory encoded?
Semantically
Acoustically
97
Why does Bahrick have high ecological validity ?
It is valuable to belief systems
It doesn’t use artificial task
Shows how we use memory in real life
Wasn’t conducted in a lab
98
How long after were they asked if they had seen any broken glass?
5 days
2 days
A week later
4 days
99
A key example of post event discussion influence on EWT is...
The Massachusetts bombings
The Washington bombings
The Oklahoma bombings
The Kentucky bombings
100
How long after were they asked to recall the lists?
9 days
24 hours
1 week
48 hours
101
Do cognitive interviews have set questions?
Yes
No
102
And what was the average estimated mph for this word?
39mph
34mph
41mph
38mph
103
When they were either...
Hungry
High
Drunk
Tired
104
Is the interviewer allowed to speak during the interview?
Yes
No
105
What did the results from the first task show when combined with version 2?
Performance wasn’t affected
Performance improved
Speed dropped significantly
No major issues
106
What is it’s duration ?
5 seconds
4 seconds
2 seconds
3 seconds
107
Why is the use of a case study a limitation?
Each case study has unique characteristics
Can’t generalise to rest of population
We can’t infer cause and effect
It takes too long to do it on one person
108
What did they give the participants?
A list of words
A series of word pairs
A sequence of numbers
A shopping list
109
How is long term memory encoded?
Semantically
Accoustically
110
What did they conclude?
It took longer to remember harder words
The words were easy to remember
Word were stored and always accessible
Words were stored but not always accessible
111
Why is it artificial in relation to lab research?
Videos aren’t representative of real life
There were no real consequences
The studies were too artificial
Demand characteristics
112
What is semantic memory?
Memories for facts and knowledge
Memories of info about the world
Knowing how to do something the right way
A memory that has a lot of meaning
113
How many errors did he make on his third day and first attempt ?
6
5
1
8
114
They then completed a
Multiple choice test
Crossword
Questionnaire
Interview
115
Were the sample...
Male?
Female?
116
They went to...
University of Aberdeen
University of Oxford
Kings College
Harvard University
117
What was the striking finding?
The time they took was different each time
The number of words was different each time
Words differed each time
The words were the same each time
118
In each room they were divided into...
5 more groups
3 more groups
1 more group
2 more groups
119
What is this called?
A meaning confusion error
A semantic confusion error
An acoustic confusion error
A sound confusion error
120
How does the case study of HM support MSM?
Normal stm but impaired ltm
Normal ltm but impaired stm
121
What does the devlin report state?
Eyewitness testimony alone isn’t enough to convict
That people may focus on a weapon too much
That eyewitnesses should be asked about a weapon
That eyewitnesses aren’t always accurate
122
They were tested either individually or...
In groups
In threes
In pairs
In quarantine
123
More support comes from a study where...
Teachers
Children
Couples
Students
124
What does the model state that’s incorrect?
Information is sequential
Info only flows from ltm to stm
The only way to remember is rehearsal
Info only flows from stm to ltm
125
How does research into retrieval cues have ecological validity?
It was done in a lab
It has external validity
The tasks were not artificial
Many studies have shown the importance of it
126
How do brain damaged patients support different types of LTM?
HM had no episodic or semantic memory
HM has hippocampus removed and temp lobe removed
HM had cerebellum removed
HM couldn’t form new motor skills
127
On how many occasions ?
10
3
5
7
128
Identification was more accurate when...
They believed it was fake
They believed it was real
129
What did they test?
Number of words they could remember
Free recall of words
Number of short words they could recall in a minute
Whether they could recall in the same order
130
How many conditions were there?
3
2
5
4
131
In one study, she showed participants a film of a...
Car accident
A ski lift accident
A work accident
A motorcycle accident
132
What had the participants been learning ?
A series of word lists
A series of word pairs
A series of numbers
A series of nonsense syllables
133
What is the name for where visual information enters?
Iconic memory
Acoustic memory
Echoic memory
Semantic memory
134
What is this?
When an old memory interrupts a new memory
When a new memory interrupts an old memory
135
How many witnesses gave key evidence?
5
8
3
2
136
What are they?
Time of day, place, feeling
Year, season, weather
Event details, context, emotion
Month, date, time
137
He aimed to investigate effects of post event discussion on witnesses of...
A criminal event
A bombing
A bank robbery
A knife crime
138
How many groups were they split into?
7
4
3
2
139
What was the first one?
A loud argument about lack of money
A fight about someone’s lunch being stolen
A car crash and lots of alarms
A low-key discussion about equipment failure
140
When the person emerged what were they holding?
A plastic fork with pasta sauce on it
A paper knife covered in blood
A piece of paper with a new article on it
A kitchen knife with grease on it
141
Select the answer which is an example of an episodic memory...
London is the capital of England
First day of school
Your mums name
How to ride a bike
142
What is state dependent forgetting?
You are likely to recall in a positive mental state
You are likely to recall if you are in the USA
You are likely to recall if you are in the same state
You are less likely to recall if you’re in a state
143
What is interference?
When one memory disrupts the other
When you can’t remember one thing but can the other
Retroactive
Proactive
144
Were tested...
Each hour
Each month
Each day
Each week
145
Why does the research lack ecological validity?
We don’t live in labs
Using strings of consonants isn’t memory in real life
Would be better in a natural environment
Doesn’t tell us what memory is like in the real world
146
Why might this be a limitation?
This isn’t always possible
There was more errors when it took more time
The interviewer might not be trained in time
147
Can it be lost due to forgetting at this stage?
No
Yes
148
Or...
A stranger
A different instructor
Their sibling
Their grandma
149
Either in their...
Classroom
Dining room
Kitchen
Bedroom
150
Over what?
A month
A year
A week
A season
151
What is the dual task performance?
One task at a time
Two simultaneous tasks using same store
Two simultaneous tasks that use different stores
152
Which disease provides support for the difference is LTM?
ADHD
Aspergers
Alzheimer’s
Autism
153
How long did they get to learn this?
6 minutes
1 hour
2 minutes
10 minutes
154
She asked a crucial question, how fast were the cars going when they...
Hit
Collided
Smashed
Whacked
155
On average how many words could they remember ?
61%
50%
29%
80%
156
When was the episodic buffer added?
45 years later
30 years later
15 years later
25 years later
157
They then had to recall the words in...
The same environment
The other environment
In a car
The sky
158
What are the two types of explicit memory?
Semantic/Procedural
Episodic/Semantic
Procedural/episodic
159
Who were recruited from...
Local community
Shops
Schools
Home
160
What percentage of the co-witness group found the girl guilty?
70%
90%
20%
60%
161
How many lists did the second group have to learn?
20
11
5
10
162
Who tested this?
Loftus
Baddeley
Palmer
Bowlby
163
How many principles of memory is the cognitive interview based on?
1
2
3
4
164
Which did they recall more in?
The opposite state from which they learnt
The same state they learnt in
165
How many scenarios were there in which the participants heard?
7
1
3
2
166
What was the second way they were tested?
Name recognition test
Name and photo matching test
Photo recognition test
Free recall of names
167
What does it argue an increase in improves performance but only up to a point?
Anxiety
Arousal
Power
Stress
168
They had to watch a video of...
A girl returning a book to an office
A girl robbing a bank
A girl beating up another girl
A girl stealing a packet of gum
169
Or...
Wasted
Awake
Wet
Sober
170
Or...
When they are angry
The opposite state
Another, different state
When they are sad
171
This occupies...
The visuo spatial sketch pad and the episodic buffer
The phonological story and the central exec
The articulatory loop and central exec
The episodic buffer and the central exec
172
What was the second condition?
Players who had played all games
Players who had only completed secondary school
Players who had gone to university
Some players who missed games due to injury
173
What did he learn?
Mirror drawing
How to cook an omelette
Play the piano
Line dancing
174
Who proposed the working memory model?
Loftus and Palmer
Elms and Milgram
Baddely and Hitch
Ainsworth and Bell
175
What is another positive application of EWT research?
Development of the cognitive interview
Development of better ways of asking eye witnesses
Revising ways in which we use eyewitness testimony
176
What were they asked to learn?
A series of word pairs
A list of words
An extract from a script
A series of numbers
177
What positive applications is there for this research?
People can find better ways to revise
Companies can make their adverts more memorable
Companies are able to sell pills better
People can find better ways to write their lists
178
Or...
Did you see the broken window
Did you see the broken wing mirror
Did you see the broken headlight
Did you see the broken windscreen
179
And when they were tested by...
Their own instructor
A different instructor
180
The participants were then tested on recall and there were how many conditions?
2
5
3
6
181
Is the cognitive interview effective for the economy?
No
Yes
182
Where does support is there for the WMM?
Immediate digit span
Consonant trigram
Dual task performance
183
What are the two types of processing?
Wide and narrow
Deep and narrow
Deep and shallow
Narrow and shallow
184
Who conducted the key study into proactive ?
Oakwood
Underwood
Dark wood
Redwood
185
What else did they hear?
Someone laughing loudly
Smashing glass and crashing chairs
The sound of metal being whacked
Someone eating crisps
186
What did CW’s infection damage?
His leg
His hippocampus and temp lobe
His brain stem
His cerebellum
187
While doing this, they were given a second task. They had to do one of how many tasks?
7
9
3
5
188
What does it deal with?
Verbal rehearsal system
Dual task performance
Perception of sound
Visual information
189
The second task was...
Have someone say digits to them out loud
Write random digits out
Say random digits out loud
Listen to an audio of random digits
190
Which part of the working memory deals with sounds based info?
The visuo spatial sketch pad
The episodic buffer
The articulatory store
The phonological loop
191
What part of the brain does procedural use?
Cerebellum
Motor cortex
Hippocampus
Brain stem
192
What percentage of the pen group correctly identified the man?
47%
49%
75%
64%
193
What study did they carry out to test this?
Memory test
Consonant trigram
Immediate digit span
Spelling test
194
Who carried out a study into weapon focus?
Atgvis
Burger
Loftus
Palmer
195
What was the first condition?
Players had missed games because of injury
Players who had a good memory
Players had played all games
Players who had a bad memory
196
What were they asked to learn?
A series of numbers
A list of words
A poem
An extract from a book
197
How has research into EWT had positive applications?
Development of the law of physics
Development of the cycle of science
Development of the Devlin report
Development of the Yerkes-Dodson law
198
How has rehearsal been criticised ?
It may be that the model is reductionist
We don’t repeat everything that gets transferred
It oversimplifies remembering
We don’t transfer everything we repeat
199
Who conducted a study into this?
Tulving
Schaffer
Bell
Underwood
200
And what part of his brain was intact?
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Motor cortex
Brain stem
201
How many parts is implicit memory subdivided into?
1
7
3
2
202
What were their age ranges?
17-74
19-57
18-24
16-75
203
Select the answer which is an example of a procedural memory...
Knowing that the capital of Holland is Amsterdam
Knowing how to ride a bike
Knowing your friends name
Knowing that 3+3=6
204
Was there a high level of agreement amongst witnesses?
No
Yes
205
What percentage remembered after 24 hours ?
20
40
30
10
206
Why is this?
Patients can form new semantic but not episodic
Patients can form new episodic but not semantic
Patients can form new procedural but not semantic
207
The third task was...
Nothing
They had to describe a painting
They had to remember a series of word pairs
They had to read an extract
208
How many parts does it have ?
1
3
4
2
209
What did he give participants ?
An extract to remember
A list of numbers to remember
A list of words to remember
A poem to remember
210
Who did the key study into post event discussion?
Downing et al
Asch et al
Sciffre et al
Gabbert et al
211
Which letters were they shown?
CD
FG
DE
AB
212
How many techniques does the interview use?
0
6
4
7
213
What is the issue with the episodic buffer?
Not enough research into it
It was added 25 years later
It was added just as an excuse for the lack of LTM
It is not clear how communication is managed
214
Did the witnesses accounts change when asked leading questions ?
Yes
No
215
What is the first one?
Info is organised so memories can be accessed many ways
Memories are state dependant
Memories can be retrieved at any time
Memories are sometimes lost due to forgetting
216
What is the capacity of long term memory ?
Short and measurable
Massive but impossible to measure
Limited but impossible to measure
Long and measurable
217
What is the second part called?
Articulatory loop
Phonological loop
Articulatory Store
Phonological store
218
Why was high control not possible in Bahrick’s study?
Couldn’t control how often they look at yearbooks
Could he individual differences
Couldn’t control how often they see ex classmates
Could have been due to rehearsal
219
What is the function of the central executive?
Rehearse sound based info
Verbal rehearsal system
Direct attention to particular tasks
Perception of speech
220
What might be an issue with training the officers?
Inexperienced interviewer may ask leading questions
Requires too much money
Requires too much time
It is difficult to assess competence
221
What percentage more effective are cognitive interviews?
83
46
35
90
222
How does the case study of KF support the MSM?
Impaired STM but not LTM
Impaired LTM but not STM
Impaired LTM but not digit span
Impaired digit span but not LTM
223
What is the asymptote?
The words at the front are forgotten
The words at the back after forgotten
The words in the middle are forgotten
224
Why can’t interference explain all types of memory?
The research is lab based so it cannot he generalised
It only leads to forgetting if memories are similar
The theory into interference is reductionist
There are other, more comprehensive explanations
225
What is the duration of the sensory register?
1/4 a second
1/3 a second
1/8 a second
1/2 a second
226
What is the results pattern known as?
Serial position curve
Cereal position curve
Serial poser curve
Cereal positive curve
227
What did the first witness then do months later?
Admitted they lied
Admit that they had made a mistake
Find the accomplice
Supplied video footage of the accomplice
228
What does weapon focus usually result in?
An increase in adrenaline
An increase in arousal past optimum
An increase in the fight or flight response
Poor eyewitness testimony
229
What was the score for this after 48 years?
50%
40%
30%
60%
230
Which law is related to post event anxiety?
The weapon focus law
The yerkes Dodson law
The devlin law
231
How many photos were the participants given?
100
70
50
90
232
How many photos were there in the set?
10
50
70
40
233
When a person emerged what were they holding?
A pen with grease on it
A knife with blood on it
A wad of cash
A bit of paper with a lot of signatures
234
What was found?
Players who played most games forgot more names
Players who played less games forgot more names
235
And what about after 48 years?
90%
70%
80%
65%
236
What part of the brain was episodic associated with?
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe
Motor cortex
Cerebellum
237
How long after were they tested?
20 minutes
1hour
Half an hour
45 minutes
238
Why?
It requires more effort
It requires more time than is available
It requires too much work and paperwork
It requires more money to be trained
239
What did they have to recall ?
Names of teams they had played
Names of people in teams they played
Names of places they had played
240
Who was the key study conducted on?
Runners
Divers
Scuba divers
Swimmers
241
What real life applications are there?
Cognitive interviews
Changes they way people revise
Changed the way people are taught
Use of imaginary cues in exams
242
What is an issue with this however?
It doesn’t have implications for the economy
It cannot explain all examples of forgetting
It is most effective for simple learning such as lists
It doesn’t actually have ecological validity
243
How many of the witnesses claimed they saw an accomplice?
All three
1
2
244
What did loftus conclude?
P’s in knife group focused on weapon and were less accurate
Participants focused on the weapon in both groups
The weapons were effective distractions
245
Where does it go now ?
Long term memory
Central executive
Phonological loop
Short term memory
246
Why is the capacity of the central executive ?
Unlimited
Limited
247
What was the first task?
Verbal reasoning
Questioning if a levels are worth it
Repeating the the the
Repeating numbers
248
Which group were more likely to answer YES to the broken glass question?
Contacted
Smashed
Bumped
Hit
249
What came with the letters?
A statement about the order the letters were in
A statement about authority
A statement about the UK
A picture of a puppy
250
What is the first one called?
Retroactive
Proactive
Probiotic
Vintageactive
251
What were the two conditions ?
In the sky, on land
Under water, on ground
In a car, on a bike
In a church, in a hospital
252
How many of the witnesses agreed to take part in the study?
15
19
17
12
253
What is the first one?
Retrieval failure
Interference
254
What is the recency effect ?
The words at the back are remembered
The words in the middle are remembered
The words at the front are remembered
255
He found that what percentage of the co-witness group recalled info they hadn’t seen?
71%
59%
75%
58%
256
What is the key experiment supporting the MSM ?
Free recall
Consonant trigram
Immediate digit span
257
Was the recall on the painting task...
Worse than the others
Better than the others
258
What does it do?
It is a verbal rehearsal system
Deals with sound perception
Prevents the decay of verbal information
Deals with visual information
259
What percentage remembered them?
70
30
20
90
260
What is it ?
A general store for information
When ur Netflix show buffers between episodes
Holds both types of memory
Storage component for central exec
261
The participants in pairs were told...
They had watched different videos
They were allowed to take notes
They had watched the same video
They were allowed to ask questions to the experimenter
262
Who conducted this experiment?
Perrin and Spencer
Baddeley and Hitch
Elms and Milgram
Smith and Bond
263
What happens when it passes the optimum?
It remains at its peak
Memory reduces in clarity
Performance begins to decline
People begin to recall false information
264
What is it called?
Explicit memory
Motor memory
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
265
Where does supporting evidence for this weakness come from?
Video of a drunken fight
Money stealing video
Bank robbery video
Domestic violence video
266
This was a real world study with high ecological validity, so does this contradict loftus?
No
Yes
267
The participants who were given THE question were...
Twice as likely to report seeing it
Not likely to report seeing it
Three times as likely to report seeing it
10X more likely to report seeing it
268
After 18 seconds what percentage of people could remember their syllable?
10%
20%
5%
15%
269
What was the third way they were tested?
Name recognition test
Free recall of names
Photo recognition test
Name and phot matching test
270
What was the second one?
A heated and hostile exchange
A rumour about one of the participants
A whisper about current world issues
A shouting argument about money
271
This occupies...
The phonological loop
The visuo spatial sketch pad
The episodic buffer
The articulatory loop
272
How did they test this?
Consonant trigram
Interference task
Immediate digit span test
Yearbook study
273
Where does information first enter the MSM?
Sensory register
Long term memory
Short term memory
274
And what was the average estimated mph for this word?
32mph
39mph
41mph
34mph
275
How many types of interference are there?
3
2
4
5
276
The participants were either led to believe it was
Serious or not serious
A film or a tv show
Real or fake
277
What else might play a role in forgetting?
Demand characteristics
Social desirability bias
Individual differences
Researcher bias
278
What is implicit memory?
Memories we aren’t aware of
Memories of knowing how
Memories of knowing what
Fact based memories
279
What do we have to do for it to enter the next stage?
Recycle
Reuse
Rehearse
Repeat
280
And then...
Stealing money from a wallet in a drawer
Covering the security camera
Vandalising the property
Concealing the weapon
281
In a key study into leading questions, loftus showed participants a film of what?
A car accident
A cycling accident
A stabbing
A burning building
282
What is the primary effect?
When the words at the front of the list are remembered most
When the last words are remembered most
When the words in the middle are remembered most
283
What is an issue with the research being lab based?
Lacks ecological validity
It is not natural
Participants many not be motivated
Learning word lists is an artificial task
284
However, why might this not be sufficient evidence?
Episodic may place greater demands on brain so this is why
This is still a specific study that can’t generalise
One disease can explain for the rest of the population
There is no use of brain scans so it can’t be proven
285
Which words were more likely to be recalled ?
Short
Long
286
What was the last way they were tested ?
Name and photo matching test
Free recall of names
Name recognition test
Photo recognition test
287
Why is it a strength that the research is lab based?
Low ecological validity
Cause and effect can be inferred
Low external validity
High control of variables
288
What is the second type of interference ?
Robotic
Retroactive
Proactive
Probiotic
289
What is it called when arousal passes the critical point?
Prime
Optimum
Asymptote
Optimus
290
Which part of the working memory model deals with visual information?
Central executive
Episodic buffer
Visuo spatial sketch pad
Phonological loop
291
What does this explanation argue?
Info is forgotten because you are interrupted
Info is stored in the LTM but cannot be found
There are insufficient cues
Info is lost over time
292
What is a problem with studies that specifically ask for strings of consonants etc?
Screw you effect
Lack internal validity
Demand characteristics
Order effects
293
Where did she ask participants to wait?
By the phone
In a room
At home
Outside her office
294
What was the study called?
Library book study
Notebook study
Textbook study
Yearbook study
295
Which word gave the highest estimate?
Bumped
Collided
Smashed
Hit
296
What are the two subtypes of long term memory?
Semantic/Episodic
Explicit/Implicit
Motor/Neuron
Extrinsic/Intrinsic
297
What is the capacity of short term memory?
7+/-3 chunks
7+/-6 chunks
7+/-2 chunks
7+/-4 chunks
298
What is this?
When a new memory disrupts an old memory
When a old memory interrupts a new memory
299
What were they?
Ex teachers
Ex firemen
Ex high school students
Ex college students