Classical Conditioning

is associated with stimulus-response

Which of the following infant reflexes are considered to be "survival" reflexes?

breathing reflex, sucking reflex and swallowing reflex

As children we learn social skills through interactions with others. These may be learned from

parents, caregivers, siblings and peers

18 month old Sally has learned to tell the dog to sit after she see's her Mum training the dog

This is an example of imitation and modelling

Disappearance of a response when a reinforcer is removed

Influence from member's of one's peer group

Lifespan development is defined as

the processes for exploring human continuity and change

Five year old Bella is an overly aggressive child. What is the first step her parents could do?

Observe how Bella interacts with peers and adults

Human development.....

starts before birth and continues throughout life

Theories of human development consistently demonstrate that....

it is a continuing process of growth, consistency and change

A scheme or schema is

a specific structure or organised pattern of behaviour

What is resilience associated with

A sense of coherence, hardiness and positive growth

The difference between self-identity and self-concept is

self-concept is a broader and more complex conceptualisation

A non-normative event

may occur at any stage of the lifespan

A non-normative event or circumstance would be

something that may differ from majority of people at any age

Which of the following is considered a stage theory?

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

getting goose bumps when hearing music in a horror movie

According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation occurs between what ages?

20's and 30's (early adulthood)

A supportive way of nurturing the new mother is to

ensure the mother's own needs for well-being are met

What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens, punishment suppresses

The Behaviourist (or learning) model of human development claims that

all behaviour is learnt and shaped by the environment

According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to

Use language to convey their wishes

Survival reflexes refers to

first observable signs of newborn motor responses

Selected landmarks of infancy (0-1 year) includes

sitting unassisted , crawling, standing and walking

According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to

Use language to convey their wishes

Which aspects of development are all directly affected by early social interactions?

language, attachment, cognitive achievements, emotional

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Human relationships and life transitions spring 2018

115 termsStudBud Administration2,390 plays

Practice questions

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Questions 115

Answers

1
As one ages, crystallised intelligence is likely to___, while fluid intelligence tends to _____
decrease; remain the same
increase; decrease
increase until age forty and then decrease; increase
decrease after adolescence; increase
2
Personal identity
is formed after self-concept
starts just after birth
is formed before self-concept
starts before birth
3
The germinal stage of a pregnancy is
weeks 3 to 8
from week 8 to birth
the first two weeks
conception to birth
4
Classical Conditioning
is associated with stimulus-response
refers to the concept of reinforcement
usually refers to canine behaviour
is about negative responses
5
Which of the following infant reflexes are considered to be "survival" reflexes?
sucking reflex, babinski reflex and grasping reflex
pupillary reflex, eyeblink reflex and stepping reflex
breathing reflex, sucking reflex and swallowing reflex
moro reflex, yawning reflex and tonic head reflex
6
As children we learn social skills through interactions with others. These may be learned from
older peers
parents, caregivers, siblings and peers
older siblings
extended family
7
18 month old Sally has learned to tell the dog to sit after she see's her Mum training the dog
This is an example of an unconscious conflict
This is an example of the strengthening of reflexes
This is an example of imitation and modelling
This is an example of increased strength during childhood
8
Extinction refers to
Individuals who are approximately the same age
A negative response when punishment is given to a child
A domain of human development
Disappearance of a response when a reinforcer is removed
9
Vygotsky developed the theory of
Attachment
Zone of proximal development
Modelling and imitation
Adult development
10
Peer pressure is
The ability to form friendships in early childhood
Having no influence by peers
Influence from member's of one's peer group
Pressure a woman feels during labour
11
Fear of strangers is an abnormal response in infants and toddlers and indicates insecurity
this statement is true
this statement is neither true or false
it depends on the individual child
this statement is false
12
How many levels does Bronfenbrenners's ecological system have?
4
3
6
5
13
Lifespan development is defined as
a process formed before self-concept
starting before birth and continues throughout life
the processes for exploring human continuity and change
the physical, cognitive and psychosocial development.
14
Five year old Bella is an overly aggressive child. What is the first step her parents could do?
Observe how Bella interacts with peers and adults
Isolate Bella from other children when she is aggressive
Sketch a plan for the reinforcement of positive behaviours
Punish any aggressive behaviour through non-physical means
15
A normative event of young adulthood would usually be which of the following?
learning difficult mathematical concepts
teenage pregnancy
compulsive hoarding
career consolidation
16
In girls, the range of on-set puberty is
Between 13-16 years
Between 9-17 years
At 12 years of age
Between 17-18 years
17
Human development.....
is formed before self-concept
is a process for exploring human continuity and change
refers to physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
starts before birth and continues throughout life
18
Theories of human development consistently demonstrate that....
it is a continuing process of growth, consistency and change
development is largely active
development is consistent across cultures
development is largely passive
19
Multi infarct dementia accounts for what percentage of organic brain syndrome in adults
20-30%
10-20%
50-60%
30-40%
20
Approximately what age can an infant roll from stomach to back or side and pull up with help
over 12 months
three to six months
birth to three months
nine to twelve months
21
Spouse's place of work and local government are part of Bronfenbenner's exosystem
False
True
22
Which parental style exerts a high degree of control but is responsive to the child's feelings?
Uninvolved
Permissive
Authoritative
Authoritarian
23
A scheme or schema is
a non-specific pattern of behaviour
a specific structure or organised pattern of behaviour
patterns of behaviour in adolescence
patterns of behaviour in early childhood
24
Infants can express emotions such as joy, surprise and anger at approximately which age?
Between 4 and 24 months
At just over one year old
Between 4 and 7 months
Not before one year of age
25
What is resilience associated with
A sense of belonging
A sense of coherence, hardiness and positive growth
A sense of weakness
A sense of impulsive behaviours
26
School age children can solve abstract, hypothetical problems
True
False
27
An early sign of cognitive development in infancy (between 0-1 years) includes
searching for lost objects
problem solving
pretend (or symbolic) play
reading
28
According to Bowlby infants form specific, clear cut attachments at which of the following ages
birth to 2 months old
over 3 years old
7-24 months old
2-7 months old
29
Laid on back, a newborn will turn their head to the side. This is descriptive of what reflex
Moro reflex
Tonic neck reflex
Babinski reflex
Rooting reflex
30
The difference between self-identity and self-concept is
self-concept is a broader and more complex conceptualisation
self-concept is more limited and what we think of ourselves
There is generally no difference between the two terms.
self-concept only includes what we think of ourselves
31
A non-normative event
may occur at any stage of the lifespan
only occurs in adulthood
only occurs in older age
only occurs in childhood
32
A non-normative event or circumstance would be
something that does not differ from normative events
something that may differ from majority of people at any age
something that may differ from minority of people at any age
something does that not differ from other people at any age
33
Which of the following is considered a stage theory?
Erikson's psychosocial theory of development
the concept of lifelong growth
domains of physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment
34
In Australia and when compared to men, women
Die earlier than men
Live longer than men
Live to approximately the same age as most men
Live to 79 years
35
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "preoperational"?
Birth to 2 years
11 years to adulthood
2-7 years
7-11 years
36
What factor is most important in the development of expertise?
Experience
Age
Gender
creativity
37
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
waking up when an alarm goes off
moving your hand away after touching a hot stove
getting goose bumps when hearing music in a horror movie
salivating while sucking a sour lolly
38
All of the following are representative of developmental growth during adolescence except
Peak of strength and speed
First job
Puberty
Some abstract thinking
39
According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation occurs between what ages?
7-11 years (latency period)
40's to 60's (middle adulthood)
20's and 30's (early adulthood)
60's onwards (old age)
40
A supportive way of nurturing the new mother is to
give advice about baby development so she can monitor weight
make sure she has all the necessary information for feeding
offer to baby sit
ensure the mother's own needs for well-being are met
41
Micro level in Brofenbenner's ecological systems theory would include which of the following?
Judge who grants a request for a child to be placed in care
The society's belief that social media is here to stay
Social worker who works with children in custody matters
The parental relationship
42
The idea that objects exist even when hidden, develops in the sensorimotor stage is called
symbolic play
object relevance
peek-a-boo
object permanence
43
What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
There is no difference between these two concepts
Punishment has physical consequences, negative does not
Negative adds stimulus, punishment takes away a stimulus
Negative reinforcement strengthens, punishment suppresses
44
The Behaviourist (or learning) model of human development claims that
behaviour is unconscious processes and the environment
all behaviour is based on unconscious processes
all behaviour is learnt and shaped by the environment
all behaviour is biologically determined
45
How many stages in Piaget's cognitive development?
8
3
4
10
46
According to Piaget, in what stage do children use symbolic thinking to understand the world?
formal operational (12+ years)
concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
Preoperational (2-6 yrs)
47
According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to
Think in an abstract way
Use language to convey their wishes
Multiply and divide
Conserve mass and liquids
48
Survival reflexes refers to
reflexes we learn across the lifespan
mastery of competence and productivity
reflexes learnt during adolescence
first observable signs of newborn motor responses
49
Selected landmarks of infancy (0-1 year) includes
bike riding, skillful throwing, standing and using startle
walking, standing, reaching and grasping objects
climbing stairs, throwing balls, simple drawings and writing
sitting unassisted , crawling, standing and walking
50
According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to
Think in an abstract way
Multiply and divide
Use language to convey their wishes
Conserve mass and liquids
51
Which aspects of development are all directly affected by early social interactions?
language, attachment, cognitive achievements, emotional
language, auditory perception, emotional regulation, visual
language, attachment, auditory perception, emotional
language, auditory perception, emotional, visual perception
52
Infant attachment is the beginning of a process of which sort of development?
physical development
social (or psychosocial) development
sociocultural development
moral development
53
In pregnancy, the foetal stage is
the first two weeks
two weeks through to eight weeks
nine weeks through to birth
when the baby is born
54
Bronfenbenner's microsystem is
connections between home, school, workplace, neighbourhood
employers, local council, legal systems
face to face contact with influential others-family
an ideology , social policy, shared assumptions
55
The approximate age at which women undergo menopause is 45 years
True
False
56
Incorporation of new information into existing mental frameworks (schemas) is
Assimilation
Attachment
Accommodation
Modelling
57
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development refers to
Where problems can be solved alone without support
Development of a series of evolved responses
The zone where mature mechanisms develop
Problems are too hard to solve alone but easier with support
58
Development of trusting relationships with caregivers is a component of which stage theory
Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt
Bowlby attachment theory
Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust
Bandura modelling and imitation
59
Failure to achieve a sense of intimacy during the early adulthood stage results in a sense of:
stagnation
depression
despair
isolation
60
Life expectancy refers to
a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
social and cultural expectations
social and environmental expectations
the average period that a person may expect to live
61
The need for relationship closeness begins in
Infancy
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Childhood
62
Bowlby attachment theory state the emotional ties of the infant to the caregiver assist surival
False
True
63
Domains of developmental "Growth"
starts before birth and continues throughout life
can only be achieved when moving from one stage to the next
refer to physical, cognitive and environmental development
refer to physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
64
Three patterns of attachment observed in strange situations are
insecure, attached and detached attachment
secure attachment, attached and detached attachment
secure attachment, insecure attachment, anxious attachment
secure attachment, anxious-resistant, anxious avoidant
65
Parenting style that may result in antisocial and criminal activities due to lack of nurturing?
permissive parenting
peer rejection
community parenting
uninvolved parenting
66
Our self identity often include social group memberships which can define who we are
False
True
I don't know
Sometimes
67
"Who am I?" a critical question in adolescence. Erikson says this was resolved in the stage of
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
identity versus role confusion
industry versus inferiority
68
Which of the following is an example of task-based coping?
writing an essay
crying
problem-solving
listening to music
69
What is meant by the term "empty nest"?
when children move out of home
when a person reaches the stagnation stage
when adults move out of home
when a person experiences feeling's of despair
70
The "self" is largely a part of our conscious personality. Self identity is:
determined by cultural identity only
cognitive structures including social roles and attitudes
determined by social and cultural roles we hold in society
determined by our age and first name
71
Older Australians (65 years and older) prefer to live
In their own homes
In a retirement centre with access to nursing staff
In a nursing home
In hostel accommodation with bathroom facilities
72
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "sensorimotor"?
11 years to adulthood
2-7 years
7-11 years
Birth to 2 years
73
Process a child uses to modify existing schemas when exposed to new information is called
schema building
compensation
assimilation
accommodation
74
The part of the brain which governs decision-making and is underdeveloped in adolescents is the
Anterior lobe
Frontal cortex
Amygdala
Parietal lobe
75
Classical conditioning is related to
Erikson's stage theories
negative stimulus leading to a conditioned response
Ainsworth theory
neutral stimulus leading to a conditioned response
76
An Apgar score given to a newborn at birth assesses which of the following?
HR, breathing, muscle tone, skin colour, reflex irritability
heart rate, efforts to breathe, muscle tone, skin colour
heart rate, efforts to breathe, muscle tone
heart rate and muscle tone
77
Theorist Bandura proposed...
Attachment theory
Zone of proximal development
Modelling and imitation
Adult development
78
Bronfenbenner's mesosystem is
Face to face contact with influential others, eg; family
Settings in which the person does not participate in
Ideology, social policy, the social contract
Relationships between microsystems eg; home and school
79
By the second year of life a securely attached child will have developed a basic sense of
trust versus mistrust
autonomy and guilt
identity
industry and inferiority
80
A non-normative event
only occurs in adulthood
only occurs in childhood
only occurs in older age
may occur at any stage of the lifespan
81
How many stages are there in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
7
4
6
8
82
Which of the following is a stage theory belonging to Erikson?
Industry versus stagnation
Industry versus inferiority
Industry versus mistrust
Industry versus shame and doubt
83
Are infants capable of self-recognition and self-awareness?
Yes
No
84
Which of the following groups are the most disadvantaged?
Single-parent families
Families which are child free voluntarily
Families with higher levels of education but a basic wage
Families with lower levels of education but a basic wage
85
The embryonic stage of a pregnancy is
the same as the foetal stage
the duration of the pregnancy
the moment when a male's sperm cell penetrates a female egg
from week two through to week 8
86
Children construct sense of self in infancy with ideas of the self based on social categories.
true
partially true
partially false
false
87
A teenage girl entering puberty at thirteen is an example of a:
normative event
unexpected event
non-normative event
normative and non-normative
88
Infertility is
being able to conceive
the stage of pregnancy after fertilization
inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy after 12 months
being unfaithful
89
Young preschoolers believe that even inanimate objects are capable of being alive and conscious
True
False
90
Operant conditioning uses the principle of
Reinforcement
Stimulus response
Emotional response
Neutral response
91
Any substance which can potentially harm a pregnant women's foetus at any stage of pregnancy
teratogen
organogensis
toxoplasmosis
the germinal phase
92
Fluid intelligence is which of the following?
the ability to process both old and new information
the ability to process old information in novel situations
the ability to process new information in novel situations
the ability to remember childhood events
93
Which of the following best describes sandwich generation?
people born before 1975
people born between 1975-1999
when children move out of home
middle aged adults caught between adjacent generations
94
Low self-esteem results from a negative self-concept. Self concept consists of:
our social position only
social roles, individual attitudes and self evaluative ideas
what others think about us
what we think of ourselves only
95
In terms of the relationship between identity and intimacy, Erikson believed that:
intimacy had to be developed before establishing identity
identity had to be developed before establishing intimacy
they typically developed simultaneously
either identity or intimacy could be developed first
96
Which of the following toddlers is engaging in a gross motor skill?
Angelo, who is methodically examining tiny objects
Erica, who is laughing uproariously at a popup book
Ed, who is crawling up the stairs on all fours
Nic, who is licking all the melting ice cream off the sides
97
Piaget's "Formal operations" stage includes
Abstract thinking
Symbolic play
Coordination of sensory and motor activity
Egocentric view of the world
98
Friendships play an important role in early adulthood because
Supportive friends help in becoming relying less on parents
Friends help in building career networks
Friends are needed to help one meet an intimate other
Most young adults can afford time with friends
99
Operant conditioning is based on the simple principle of.....
reinforcement
modelling
stimulus-response
imitation
100
A theorist who emphasisied observational learning was
Ainsworth
Bandura
Erikson
Piaget
101
Which of the following describes the Babinski reflex?
when held upright, the infant lifts leg in a stepping motion
when there's a loud noise, the infant has a startle response
when the sole of foot is stroked, the toes fan and curl
when the cheek is stroked the infant turns in that direction
102
Percentage of older adults with Alzhemier's
10-20%
50-60%
40-50%
20-30%
103
Debate about what shapes our genetic makeup and the extent how we are shaped by our environment
the nature-nature debate
the nature-aspire debate
the nature-nurture debate
the novice-nature debate
104
When they become unemployed, older workers are more likely than younger workers to:
Have negative effects such as severe depression
Voluntarily take time off before seeking another position
Be satisfactorily reemployed because of experience
Be hired quickly because of work connections
105
Two broad categories of coping are
Task-based and stress-based
Task-based and control-based
Emotion-based and control-based
Emotion-based and task-based
106
Erikson's theory and Vaillant's stages are both normative-crisis theories
True
False
107
All of the following help to maintain good cognitive functioning in later life except
limiting the need to adapt to new circumstances
living in favourable circumstances
absence of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
personal satisfaction with one's accomplishments
108
Which of the following statements about self-concept is true?
begins in infancy with self-recognition and being separate
develops in adolescence as children gain more independence
begins in childhood through self-awareness and play
begins at birth by recognising familiar sights and smells
109
The preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development begins when a child can
tell that 2 things have the same amount , although different
apply specific logical operations to answer questions right
form mental representations of objects and events
group objects into logical categories
110
A foetus can be described as
a baby
an infant
an unborn child
a zygote
111
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "formal operational"?
11 years to adulthood
Birth to 2 years
2-7 years
7-11 years
112
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "concrete operational"?
Birth to 2 years
11 years to adulthood
7-11 years
2-7 years
113
Erikson's theory emphasises the importance of which sort of development across the life span?
physical development
emotional development
social (or pyschosocial) development
cognitive development
114
Development of the self begins with
self-recognition in infancy
self-awareness and self-recognition pre-birth
self-awareness in childhood
attachment to grandparents
115
The moro reflex usually present in newborns is a response to which of the following
Stroking the newborns cheek
When laid on back, head turns to side
When bottom of foot is stroked
Loud noise, sudden loss of support, a feeling of falling

Human relationships and life transitions spring 2018 Flashcards | StudBud