stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
Final Exam Review Quiz Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
Final Exam Review Quiz
Final Exam Review Quiz
100 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
163 plays
An#experimental psychology review
Flashcards
100 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
100
Answers
1
Which form of validity is the most superficial?
content
predictive
face
construct
2
Which phase of a small
N
design is the experimental treatment in a two-group design?
reversal
B
post-check
A
3
A study with 4 treatments will need at least ___ subjects to use complete counterbalancing.
48
12
4
24
4
There may not be a _____ for a distribution of scores.
range
mode
median
mean
5
If there is no treatment effect, the
F-
ratio should be about
-1.
10.
1.
5.
6
What does statistical power mean?
The ability to detect a treatment effect when one exists.
The strength of the association between the IV and DV.
A treatment's effect size.
The probability of committing Type 1 error.
7
At least ___ factors are needed to have a higher-order interaction.
3
2
5
4
8
What do statistics tell us about the results of a factorial experiment?
Whether there are main effects or interaction effects.
Whether an experiment is externally valid.
Whether there are interactions effects (only).
Whether there are main effects (only).
9
When you randomly sample within five different zip codes, you are using _____ sampling.
cluster
quota
purposive
stratified random
10
What does variability in the dependent variable affect?
external validity
confounding
our ability to reject H0
internal validity
11
Since we cannot directly observe motivation, it is a
social variable.
hypothetical construct.
physical variable.
nonconstruct variable.
12
What determines the shape of an
F
distribution?
degrees of freedom in the denominator (only)
degrees of freedom in the numerator and denominator
degrees of freedom in the numerator (only)
the selected alpha level
13
How do behavior therapists generally evaluate the results of a small
N
experiment?
They exam a plot of the data.
They perform parametric statistics.
They perform descriptive statistics.
They perform non-parametric statistics.
14
A manipulation check tests
whether an experiment was externally valid.
success in administering the independent variable.
whether the experimenter controlled order effects.
whether there was confounding.
15
Dr. Smith administers a survey to all the students in her class in _____ sampling.
cluster
simple random
quota
convenience
16
Which small
N
design would be ideal when you are shaping behavior?
ABA
changing criterion
AB
multiple baseline
17
_____ occurs when an extraneous variable affects the dependent variable across conditions.
Confounding
A higher-order interaction
A main effect
An interaction
18
Which statistical test would you use to analyze a within-subjects design with two conditions?
t-test for matched groups
two-way ANOVA
one-way ANOVA
t-test for independent groups
19
Which most risks confounding?
an experimenter treats both groups with equal friendliness
subjects are randomly assigned to sessions
all subjects are run in a soundproofed room
friends are exclusively run in the experimental condition
20
Which minimum level of measurement is required to perform a
t
-test or
F
-test?
ratio
nominal
ordinal
interval
21
Why remove the independent variable in a small
N
design?
to increase external validity
to rule out subject variables
to minimize demand characteristics
to rule out confounding
22
Which is a nonconstruct variable?
reaction time
intelligence
personality
anxiety
23
The ACT has been used in college admissions because of its ______ validity.
predictive
face
construct
content
24
Agreement among judges on the rating for a performance is called
interitem reliability.
interrater reliability.
split-half reliability.
concurrent validity.
25
What does a single-blind experiment control?
demand characteristics
experimenter bias
Rosenthal effect
demand characteristics and experimenter bias
26
Multivariate means
more than one dependent variable.
all of these are correct
more than one independent variable.
more than one level of an independent variable.
27
When do we reject the null hypothesis for a
t-
test?
t obtained is greater than t critical
t obtained = t critical
t critical is greater than t obtained
t obtained is less than t critical
28
In a
F-
test, variability due to random errors and subject variables is called
the main effect due to factor A.
between-groups variance.
an interaction effect.
within-groups variance.
29
If performance is affected by
when
a condition occurs, this suggests _____.
selection threat
demand characteristics
asymmetrical carryover
order effects
30
Why is a one-tailed
t
-test potentially more powerful than a two-tailed
t-
test?
its critical value is larger
it has a smaller critical region
its obtained value is larger
its critical value is smaller
31
When do you use a two-way analysis of variance?
when there is an independent variable with two levels
two independent variables with interval or ratio data
two independent variables with nominal data
when there are three or more independent variables
32
Which is the quickest way to find the set of numbers with the greatest variability?
mean square
variance
standard deviation
range
33
Which scale provides the most information regarding a dependent variable's magnitude?
ratio
interval
ordinal
nominal
34
Which hypothesis do we directly test in an experiment?
H0
alternative
H1
all of these
35
When asymmetrical carryover is likely, you should consider a _____ design.
repeated measures design
within-subjects
between-subjects
quasi-experimental
36
How many a priori tests may you perform?
1 minus the total number of subjects
1 minus the total degrees of freedom in the numerator
all possible comparisons
1 minus the total number of groups
37
When should you perform an a priori test?
when you’ve made no predictions about group differences
after you discover a main effect and interaction effect
after you discover a main effect
when you’ve made predictions about group differences
38
When there are two independent variables, how many interactions are possible?
3
1
2
4
39
When a psychological test is valid, it
measures accurately and produces consistent results.
measures accurately (only).
is low in imposition of units (only).
produces consistent results (only).
40
Which threat confounded early studies of the effect of parent help on academic achievement?
regression
selection-interaction
testing
selection
41
Compare the degrees of freedom for a matched-groups
t-
test and an independent-groups
t-
test?
independent groups has half the degrees of freedom
matched groups has twice the degrees of freedom
matched groups has the same number of degrees of freedom
matched groups has half of the degrees of freedom
42
Which demonstrated the need for extensive debriefing after exposure to violent pornography?
Campbell
Donnerstein
Asch
Zimbardo
43
What was the independent variable in the Hess (1975) study?
affiliation
shock severity
attractiveness
pupil size
44
_____ assigns a subject to each condition only once.
Across-subjects counterbalancing
Subject-by-subject counterbalancing
Block randomization
Reverse counterbalancing
45
Why can a matched-groups
t
-test be more powerful than a independent-groups
t
-test?
it has more degrees of freedom
it can reduce variability due to individual differences
it can reduce variability due to group differences
its critical value is smaller
46
Successful replication in large-
N
studies is associated with
probabilities between .03 and .05.
use of larger alpha levels.
greater within-groups variability.
moderate-to-large effect sizes.
47
An experiment requires a minimum of ___ treatment condition(s).
2
4
3
1
48
A within-subjects design mainly controls for ____ variables.
environmental
subject
task
social
49
You would first try _____ to control room noise.
elimination
random assignment
balancing
constancy of conditions
50
Your rank in a marathon represents which measurement scale?
ordinal
interval
nominal
ratio
51
Temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit illustrates a _____ scale.
ratio
interval
nominal
ordinal
52
Which of these provides an interim explanation and is supported by most studies?
law
model
theory
hypothesis
53
If Kim scored high on her first attempt and lower on her second, this implies
subject mortality threat.
statistical regression threat.
maturation threat.
testing threat.
54
Which of these is expressed in equations and applies to all situations?
law
model
theory
hypothesis
55
How large is each critical region for a two-tailed test at the .01 level?
.05
.001
.005
.025
56
How do between-subjects and within-subjects designs compare on statistical power?
A within-subjects design is generally more powerful
Between- and within-subjects designs achieve equal power
A between-subjects design better controls confounding
A between-subjects design is generally more powerful
57
Which form of validity is most concerned with representativeness?
content
construct
face
predictive
58
A representative sample gives your results
internal validity.
statistical reliability.
external validity.
freedom from confounding.
59
When there are two independent variables, how many main effects are possible?
4
2
3
1
60
Which threat is likely when participants take a test twice?
selection threat
maturation threat
selection-interaction threat
testing threat
61
____ interactions are possible with three treatments.
Five
Four
Two
Three
62
What kind of variable is time of day?
construct
physical
procedural
social
63
Sam participated in the experimental condition and not the control condition in a _______.
within-subjects design
correlational study
repeated measures design
between-subjects design
64
The second A in an ABA design refers to _____.
none of these
return to baseline
a post-check
reinstatement of the treatment
65
What does placing or removing trash cans on a beach to measure the effect on litter illustrate?
field experiment
naturalistic observation
field study
participant-observer study
66
When more subjects drop out of one condition than another, this risks
regression threat.
selection threat.
subject-mortality threat.
testing threat.
67
Which is a response set?
yea-saying
position preference
social desirability
nay-saying
68
Psychologists use unobtrusive measures to control
experimenter bias
social desirability
context effects
reactivity
69
After performing an
F-
test, when may you follow up with a post hoc test?
when the F-test is significant
when the F-statistic is greater than 1
you may always perform a post hoc test
when the F-test is not significant
70
Males received false heart rate feedback in the ____ study.
Bramel
Milgram
Brady
Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod
71
Which nonexperimental method might best explain why only one twin developed schizophrenia?
ex post facto study
deviant case analysis
case study
phenomenological approach
72
We usually design experiments to falsify statements called
hypotheses.
models.
laws.
theories.
73
When should you accept the null hypothesis when conducting an
F-
test?
F obtained > F critical
F obtained ≤ F critical
F obtained < F critical (only)
F obtained = F critical (only)
74
Which do psychologists use to calculate the average effect of a treatment on a disorder?
experiment
quasi-experiment
longitudinal study
meta-analysis
75
Which of these underlies our preference for the simplest explanation?
modus tollens
replication
self-correction
parsimony
76
Select the random sampling method with the smallest margin of error?
cluster sampling
stratified random sampling
simple random sampling
systematic random sampling
77
What do we can call significant variability associated with one independent variable?
confounding
an interaction effect
a maximum interaction
a main effect
78
Judy was run through conditions ABBA. The experimenter used _______.
block randomization
reverse counterbalancing
Latin square counterbalancing
balanced Latin square counterbalancing
79
We obtain _____ when we describe an experiment as ask for a subject's written permission.
anonymity
assent
confidentiality
informed consent
80
Which illustrates the lowest imposition of units?
"Did you vote in the last election?"
"How often do you text?"
"How old are you?"
"What do you like best about your roommate?"
81
Compared with a between-subjects design, a within-subjects design better controls _____.
progressive error
subject variables
task variables
environmental variables
82
How many post hoc tests may you perform?
all possible comparisons
1 minus the total number of subjects
1 minus the total degrees of freedom in the numerator
1 minus the total number of groups
83
A two-way ANOVA can have
two main effects.
one main effect.
an interaction effect.
two main effects and an interaction effect.
84
What does watching children play through a one-way mirror illustrate?
naturalistic observation
field experiment
participant-observer study
unobtrusive measures
85
When a briefer measurement period produces identical results to a longer one, it has achieved
construct validity.
predictive validity.
concurrent validity.
face validity.
86
Which test would you use when you only randomly assign subjects to one of two conditions?
t-test for matched groups
repeated measures ANOVA
one-way ANOVA
t-test for independent groups
87
A balanced Latin square is superior to a basic Latin square because it controls _____.
demand characteristics
order effects and symmetrical carryover
subject variables
symmetrical and asymmetrical carryover
88
Which of these is expressed in equations and should apply in every case?
theories
laws
models
hypotheses
89
Which scale is implied when a runner places third?
nominal
interval
ordinal
ratio
90
Assigning friendlier participants to the experimental group can result in which threat?
statistical regression
subject mortality
testing
selection
91
If you accept the null hypothesis when it is false, you have
committed a Type 2 error.
committed a Type 1 error.
confounded your experiment.
made the correct decision.
92
How would we categorize your willingness to explore new situations?
subject variable
environmental variable
task variable
social variable
93
Sherlock Holmes' _____ was legendary (and fictional).
induction
intuition
serendipity
deduction
94
What was the dependent variable in the Hess (1975) study?
affiliation
pupil size
attractiveness
shock severity
95
The purpose of aggregation is to
control individual differences.
reduce confounding.
increase external validity.
increase internal validity.
96
The study by ____ classically conditioned fear responses in participants paralyzed by scoline.
Milgram
Bramel
Campbell
Brady
97
Which measure of central tendency is the middle score of a distribution?
range
mode
median
mean
98
Which affects external validity?
demand characteristics
imposition of units
assignment of subjects to conditions
sampling method
99
What does between-group variance contain?
subject variables (only)
all of these
treatment effects (only)
random errors (only)
100
What does a double-blind experiment control?
placebo effects
demand characteristics
experimenter bias
all of these
