What is antimicrobial stewardship?

The effort to improve antibiotic prescribing

What is the NOT the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia?

Breathing test to assess pulmonary function

Which of the following is true about antibiotic inactivation via group transfer?

Phosphorylation, glycosylation, and nucleotidylation cause resistance.

Which structural modification makes methicillin and nafcillin resistant to β-lactamase?

Increased steric hindrance on the 6-acyl position

Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Forms drug-resistant biofilms, Produces pyocyanin (blue-green) pigment

What structural feature in amoxicillin improves its oral bioavailability compared to ampicillin?

Presence of a hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring

Why are carbapenems considered drugs of last resort for resistant Gram-negative infections?

They are resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases, including ESBLs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial meningitis?

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What is the primary function of beta-lactamases in antibiotic resistance?

Destroy the beta-lactam ring in antibiotics

Which of the following is a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

Altering the target site of the antibiotic to decrease its binding capacity

Which factor affects whether an antibiotic should be used in immunocompromised patients?

Whether it is bacteriostatic or bactericidal

Which of the following mechanisms leads to resistance against macrolides?

Methylation of the 50S ribosomal subunit

What is the primary reason bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

Overuse and inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics

What should be done before prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia?

Perform a culture and sensitivity test

What is the key difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Bactericidal kills, bacteriostatic inhibits growth

What is the goal of antimicrobial stewardship?

Improve antibiotic use and reduce resistance

What is the function of the mecA gene in MRSA?

Encodes a variant PBP that binds β-lactams with low affinity

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

Increased antibiotic metabolism to produce energy for the bacteria

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I & I BLOCK EXAM 2 2025

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Questions 127

Answers

1
What is antimicrobial stewardship?
The study of bacteria
A new class of antibiotics
The effort to improve antibiotic prescribing
The regulation of all medications
2
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key virulence factor in which type of bacteria?
Gram-positive
Spirochetes
Acid-fast
Gram-negative
3
What is the NOT the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia?
CT scan
Sputum culture
Breathing test to assess pulmonary function
Chest radiograph
4
Which of the following is true about antibiotic inactivation via group transfer?
Phosphorylation, glycosylation, and nucleotidylation cause resistance.
Group transferases act outside the bacterial cell.
Acylation only affects macrolides.
Ribosylation is a key mechanism in beta-lactam resistance.
5
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine?
Vancomycin
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin
Penicillin G
6
The toxic effects of endotoxin on the human host may include all of the following EXCEPT:
Inflammation
Fever
Polyclonal T cell activation
Vasodilation resulting in hypotension
7
Which antibiotic has a post-antibiotic effect?
Metronidazole
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin
Azithromycin
8
How does vancomycin’s mechanism of action differ from beta-lactams?
A
D
C
B
9
Which structural modification makes methicillin and nafcillin resistant to β-lactamase?
Introduction of a hydroxyl group at the ortho position
Replacement of the β-lactam ring with a different functional group
Addition of electron-withdrawing groups
Increased steric hindrance on the 6-acyl position
10
Which antibiotics require time > MIC for best effect?
Aminoglycosides
Beta-lactams
Quinolones
Metronidazole
11
Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
None of the above
Gram-positive rod
Forms drug-resistant biofilms
Produces pyocyanin (blue-green) pigment
12
Which bacterial structure is responsible for adhesion to host cells?
Capsule
Pili (fimbriae)
Flagella
Peptidoglycan layer
13
What structural feature in amoxicillin improves its oral bioavailability compared to ampicillin?
Electron-donating side chain
Resistance to β-lactamase
Presence of a hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring
Addition of an ionized amino group
14
Which exotoxin type uses an "A" subunit to enter cells and cause damage inside?
Endotoxins
Superantigens
A-B toxins
Membrane-damaging toxins
15
What adverse effect is most commonly associated with carbapenems, particularly at high doses?
QT prolongation
Seizures
Anaphylaxis
Hepatotoxicity
16
Why are carbapenems considered drugs of last resort for resistant Gram-negative infections?
They are effective against MRSA
They are less toxic than other β-lactams
They are resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases, including ESBLs
They have a long half-life, requiring less frequent dosing
17
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial meningitis?
Transmission requires close contact and susceptibility
Symptoms include fever, severe headache, stiff neck
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Some display petechaie due to disseminated intravascular coagulation
18
What is the primary function of beta-lactamases in antibiotic resistance?
Destroy the beta-lactam ring in antibiotics
Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis
Enhance bacterial replication
Neutralize host immune responses
19
Which type of antibiotic relies on maintaining drug concentration above MIC for the longest possible duration?
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
Concentration-dependent antibiotics
Miscellaneous antibiotics
Time-dependent antibiotics
20
Which intervention helps optimize antibiotic use?
Increasing broad-spectrum use
IV to oral conversion
Avoiding diagnostic testing
Extending antibiotic courses
21
What makes clarithromycin more acid-stable than erythromycin?
Increased lipophilicity
Presence of a ketone ring
Addition of a 6-methoxy group
Removal of a hydroxyl group
22
Which is a core element of ASPs?
Formulary restriction
Delaying antibiotic use
Eliminating antibiotic use
Reducing staff
23
Which of the following antibiotics is most affected by porin loss? *hint which drug is hydrophilic*
Amphotericin B
Ciprofloxacin
Vancomycin
Daptomycin
24
Which of the following factors contributes to antibiotic resistance?
Widespread use of antimicrobial drugs
All of the above
Increased bacterial mutation rates
Incomplete antibiotic treatment
25
Which of the following is a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
Increasing intracellular antibiotic accumulation
Altering the target site of the antibiotic to decrease its binding capacity
Increasing drug permeability
Activation of antibiotic
26
What is the hallmark adverse effect of vancomycin when infused too quickly?
Hepatotoxicity
Neutropenia
Red man syndrome
Ototoxicity
27
Which drug is a Class II beta-lactamase inhibitor?
Sulbactam
Amoxicillin
Clavulanic acid
Imipenem
28
What is the first-line prophylactic antibiotic for GI surgical procedures?
Cefoxitin
Ceftriaxone
Gentamicin
Vancomycin
29
Which type of exotoxin directly damages host cell membranes?
Endotoxins
A-B toxins
Superantigens
Membrane-damaging toxins
30
What does SAAR measure?
Cost-effectiveness
Antibiotic resistance
Standardized antimicrobial use
Number of antibiotic prescriptions
31
Which factor affects whether an antibiotic should be used in immunocompromised patients?
Whether it causes Clostridium difficile infections
Whether it is bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Whether it is time-dependent or concentration-dependent
Whether it inhibits cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis
32
READ
A
C
B
D
33
Which of the following mechanisms leads to resistance against macrolides?
Mutation in DNA gyrase
Methylation of the 50S ribosomal subunit
Enzymatic inactivation of the drug
Overexpression of efflux pumps
34
A pt. presents with a productive cough fever & rustcolored sputum. Which bacterial infection is most likely responsible?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Bordetella pertussis
35
What is the the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia?
CT scan
Breathing test to assess pulmonary function
Sputum culture
Chest radiograph
36
Example of a mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria that involves directly inactivating the drug:
β-Lactamases
Efflux pump
Rifampin resistance
MRSA mecA
37
Which of the following is not a risk factor for C. difficile infection?
Antimicrobial exposure to clindamycin
Young age
Suppressed immune system
Lengthy stay in a nursing home
38
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with beta-lactam antibiotics?
Ototoxicity
Anaphylactic reactions
Red man syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
39
What is the primary reason bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?
Poor sanitation practices
Mutations in human cells
Overuse and inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics
Slow bacterial growth rates
40
What should be done before prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia?
Use the broadest antibiotic available
Wait until symptoms resolve
Perform a culture and sensitivity test
Start empiric therapy immediately
41
What is the key difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Bacteriostatic causes resistance, bactericidal does not
Bactericidal kills, bacteriostatic inhibits growth
Bacteriostatic kills, bactericidal inhibits growth
Both kill at different rates
42
What is the goal of antimicrobial stewardship?
Treat only viral infections
Improve antibiotic use and reduce resistance
Eliminate all antibiotic use
Reduce medication costs
43
What percentage of ICU patients receive antibiotics?
25%
50%
71%
10%
44
The myonecrosis associated with gas gangrene is due to the fact that the causative agent secretes:
Leukocidins
Alpha (α) toxin
Toxin that glucosylates GTPases
Hemolysins
45
How does the capsule contribute to bacterial virulence?
Enhances motility
Inhibits protein synthesis
Protects against phagocytosis
Increases antibiotic penetration
46
Which of the following destroys host membranes by forming pores?
Diphtheria toxin
Hemolysin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
47
What is the function of the mecA gene in MRSA?
Encodes a variant PBP that binds β-lactams with high affinity
Encodes a mutase that alters the drug-binding site on PBPs
Encodes a Beta-lactamase, which hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring
Encodes a variant PBP that binds β-lactams with low affinity
48
Which factor is critical when choosing an antibiotic?
The doctor’s favorite antibiotic
MIC and PK/PD
Cost of the drug
Patient’s insurance
49
Which of the following is an example of a concentration-dependent killing agent?
Beta-lactams
Vancomycin
Aminoglycosides
Clindamycin
50
Which of the following antibiotics is most likely to cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity?
Linezolid
Vancomycin
Cefepime
Gentamicin
51
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?
Decreased drug uptake or increased drug efflux
Alteration in the target site of the antibiotic to reduce binding
Increased antibiotic metabolism to produce energy for the bacteria
Inactivation or modification of the antibiotic itself
52
Which bacteria is associated with antibiotic overuse and causes diarrhea?
Pseudomonas
Which bacteria is associated with antibiotic overuse and causes diarrhea?
Streptococcus
C. difficile
53
Timedependent antibiotics rely on maintaining concentration above the MIC Which of the following belong to this category
Gentamicin
Linezolid
Daptomycin
Meropenem
54
Which class of antibiotics inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding irreversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit?
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol
55
What is the key difference between antibiotics and antimicrobials?
Antibiotics are naturally made
Antibiotics kill viruses
Antimicrobials only target bacteria
Antibiotics are always synthetic
56
Why is cilastatin co-administered with imipenem?
To inhibit efflux pumps
To increase renal excretion of the drug
To prevent renal degradation of imipenem by dehydropeptidase-1
To enhance bacterial uptake of imipenem
57
READ ME
Base catalyzed lactone formation with the 6-hydroxyl
Epimerization at the 4-position amine
Ionization of the 4-position amine
Dehydration of the 6-hydroxyl
58
Which of the following changes to the 6 position of penicillins increase acid stability to allow for oral administration
Adding a group to increase the electron withdrawing character.
Adding a group to increase the electron donating character.
Adding a group to increase the lipophilicity.
Adding a group to increase the polarity.
59
The inclusion of the methoxy group in the 7-alpha position make cefotetan a(n):
Cephalosporin
Cephamycin
Monobactam
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
60
For aminoglycosides, what pharmacodynamic principle determines their efficacy?
Peak concentration/MIC
AUC/MIC ratio
Time above MIC
Half-life
61
Acute rheumatic fever is a nonsuppurative complication that can follow infection by which one of the following?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Enterococcus faecalis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
62
Which of the following is most likely the cause....
An exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates elongation factor-2
An endotoxin that causes release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
An exotoxin that stimulates production of large amounts of cyclic AMP.
An endotoxin that binds to a class I MHC protein.
63
Pick one!
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum
64
What is the major determinant of penicillin allergy?
he beta-lactam ring itself
Penicilloyl-protein conjugates
Cross-reactivity with cephalosporins
Minor metabolites formed during metabolism
65
Which antibiotics work by altering nucleic acid metabolism?
Aminoglycosides and macrolides
Metronidazole and daptomycin
Rifamycins and quinolones
Beta-lactams and carbapenems
66
Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a Clostridioides difficile infection?
Recent antibiotic use
Travel to endemic areas
Poor hand hygiene
Eating undercooked meat
67
Which of the following is a zoonotic disease?
Tuberculosis
Rabies
Measles
Influenza
68
Which of the following is caused by Group A Streptococci (GAS)?
All the above
Scarlet fever
Pharyngitis (Strep throat)
Necrotizing fasciitis
69
"What is the reason..." cardi B
It is limited to hospital settings.
It contributes to increased healthcare costs and mortality.
It is a minor issue in community environments.
It only affects low-income countries.
70
For a patient with a history of anaphylaxis to penicillin, which antibiotic should be avoided due to cross-reactivity?
Meropenem
Aztreonam
Cefazolin
Vancomycin
71
Which of the following has a lower ID₅₀?
A bacteria that requires 10 organisms to infect 50% of hosts
A bacteria that requires 1000 organisms to infect 50% of hosts
72
Why is imipenem given with cilastatin?
To inhibit renal metabolism by DHP-1
To increase its solubility
To enhance penetration into tissues
To prevent bacterial efflux
73
Beta-lactamase production is an example of which antimicrobial resistance mechanism?
Decreased membrane permeability
Enzymatic drug degradation
Drug efflux
Target modification
74
Which exotoxin is responsible for toxic shock syndrome?
TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin)
Cholera toxin
Hemolysin
Botulinum toxin
75
Which one is an example of horizontal gene transfer that allows bacteria to acquire antibiotic resistance?
All of the above are examples of conjugation transduction & transformation
The transfer of bacterial DNA by a virus from one bacterium to another
The direct transfer of plasmid DNA between two bacteria via a pilus
The uptake of DNA fragments from the environment by a bacterium
76
Which organization defines and promotes antimicrobial stewardship?
FDA
WHO
NIH
CDC
77
The cyclic polypeptide vancomycin:
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
Is extensively used orally to treat systemic infections.
Is only effective against gram (-) bacteria.
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala peptide
78
Which of the following is NOT a goal of ASPs?
Lower healthcare costs
Eliminate all antibiotic use
Reduce antibiotic resistance
Improve patient outcomes
79
What are the two major genetic strategies bacteria use to adapt to antibiotic exposure?
Mutations in genes and acquisition of foreign DNA
Horizontal gene transfer and viral replication
Enzyme inhibition and cell membrane modification
Gene amplification and protein degradation
80
What happens to erythromycin in acidic conditions?
It increases its antibacterial potency
It forms an inactive ketal
It gets hydrolyzed into active metabolites
It becomes resistant to beta-lactamase
81
Which is an example of a process measure in ASP?
Readmission rate
Antibiotic de-escalation
Mortality rate
Length of hospital stay
82
Which generation of cephalosporins has the best Gram-negative coverage?
Third generation
First generation
Second generation
Fifth generation
83
Which of the following is a bactericidal antibiotic?
Clindamycin
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
84
Why do β-lactam antibiotics fail against bacteria producing ESBLs?
ESBL-producing bacteria form biofilms
ESBLs enhance efflux pump activity
ESBLs bind directly to PBPs, preventing the antibiotics from binding
The ESBLs degrade the antibiotic's β-lactam ring
85
Which toxin overactivates the immune system, leading to cytokine storm?
Superantigen
A-B toxin
Endotoxin
Membrane toxin
86
Pick one...
Toxins A and B
Biofilm formation
Capsule
Sporulation
87
What is the main function of β-lactam antibiotics, and how do bacteria resist them?
Prevent protein synthesis; modify ribosomes
Disrupt membrane integrity; increase porin channels
Inhibit cell wall synthesis; alter PBPs or produce β-lactamases
Block DNA replication; efflux pumps
88
What is a major challenge for ASP implementation?
Hospitals refusing to participate
Overuse of antivirals
Too many new antibiotics
Lack of trained personnel
89
Which of the following aminoglycoside antibiotics is the least sensitive to acquired bacterial resistance factors?
Vancomycin (Vancocin)
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
Telithromycin (Ketek)
Amikacin (Amikin)
90
Which bacterial pathogen is the most likely cause?
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Neisseria meningitidis
91
Why does penicillin have a higher incidence of allergic reactions?
It binds to immune cells directly
It has a beta-lactam ring
Penicillins are more reactive than cephalosporins
It inhibits histamine release
92
Which of the following is NOT true?
Enterotoxins → cause sepsis and other internal distress
Pyrogenic toxins stimulate release of cytokines leading to fever and shock
Cytotoxins destroy cells by inhibiting synthesis of proteins & membranes
Neurotoxins → affect nerve impulse transmission
93
How do fluoroquinolones work, and what mutation causes resistance?
Inhibit RNA polymerase; mutation in rpoB
Block DNA gyrase; mutation in gyrA
Disrupt cell wall synthesis; mutation in bla
Prevent folic acid synthesis; mutation in dihydropteroate synthase
94
A patient who failed to respond to vancomycin therapy most likely had an infection caused by this microbe:
Streptococcus pyogens
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
95
Which is NOT a common cause of antibiotic resistance?
Poor infection control
Using narrow-spectrum antibiotics
Overuse
Incomplete treatment
96
A patient presents with MRSA bacteremia. Which antibiotic is most appropriate as first-line therapy?
Cefazolin
Meropenem
Daptomycin
Ampicillin
97
Which of the following is not a common mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
Alteration of the drug target
Increased uptake of the drug into bacterial cells
Increased efflux of the drug
Enzymatic inactivation of the drug
98
Why does meropenem not require cilastatin?
It is eliminated by the liver
It lacks a beta-lactam ring
It is not a DHP-1 substrate
It is naturally resistant to efflux pumps
99
Which of the following sets of toxins and properties is correctly matched?
Endotoxin – polypeptides
Exotoxins – lipopolysaccharide
Exotoxins – toxoid vaccines are ineffective
Endotoxin – produced by Gram-negative bacteria
100
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance?
Efflux pumps
Enzymatic drug modification
Increased bacterial intracellular drug concentration
Altered drug targets
101
Which drug is contraindicated in children due to its potential to cause tooth discoloration and inhibit bone growth?
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Linezolid
Daptomycin
102
Which bacterial pathogen is MOST likely responsible?
Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Travlers Diarrhea)
Clostridioides difficile
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
103
Which of the following antibiotic classes inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Tetracyclines and macrolides
Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
Rifamycins and quinolones
104
Which of the following properties of both the penicillins and cephalosporins increase the gram (-) antibiotic activity?
Adding a group to increase the electron donating character.
All penicillins and cephalosporins have excellent gram- antibiotic activity
Adding a group to increase the polarity.
Adding a group to increase the lipophilicity.
105
Which antibiotic class inhibits protein synthesis?
Beta-lactams
Sulfonamides
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
106
Which of the following is a key feature of exotoxins?
Heat-stable lipid A component
Only produced by Gram-negative bacteria
Released when the bacteria die
Secreted proteins, often enzyme
107
What is a key characteristic of a Class II beta-lactamase inhibitor?
Reduces drug elimination by the kidneys
Only inhibits beta-lactamase
Enhances the spectrum of tetracyclines
Also binds PBP and acts as an antibiotic
108
What is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis?
Staphylococus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)
Streptococcus pyogenes
109
What is a non-structural strategy to overcome beta-lactamase expression?
Use of extended-spectrum beta-lactams
Substitution with glycopeptide antibiotics
Co-administration with a beta-lactamase inhibitor like clavulanic acid
Use of carbapenems
110
What is the primary consideration for concentration-dependent antibiotics?
Frequent dosing
Maintain time > MIC
Maintain peak/MIC ratio
Avoid renal adjustments
111
Vancomycin dosing often uses AUC/MIC monitoring. What is the recommended AUC/MIC target?
800-1000
600-800
400-600
300-400
112
All of the following have a "post antibiotic effect" EXCEPT:
Tobramycin (Nebcin)
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
Doripenem (Doribax)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
113
Which bacterial gene mutation is responsible for rifampicin resistance?
parC
gyrA
rpoB
bla
114
What’s the main difference between porin mutations and efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?
Porin mutation increase drug uptake while efflux pump decrease permeability
Efflux pumps modify the drug structure while porin mutation degrade da drug
Porin mutation prevent drug entry, while efflux pumps actively remove drugs
Both porins and efflux pumps remove drugs from the bacterial cytoplasm.
115
Which resistance mechanism is commonly used by Gram-negative bacteria to pump out antibiotics?
Ribosomal modification
Efflux pumps
Altered drug targets
Biofilm formation
116
Which structural modification in beta-lactams increases resistance to beta-lactamase?
Replacement of the beta-lactam ring with a carbapenem ring
Introduction of a hydroxyl group at position 3
Substitution of the sulfur atom in the beta-lactam ring
Addition of a bulky side chain at the R-group
117
Which pneumococcal virulence factor is the most important?
Polysaccharide capsule – kills ciliated cells, damages lungs
Pneumolysin – kills ciliated cells, damages lungs
Pneumolysin – stimulates inflammatory cytokines
Polysaccharide capsule – antiphagocytic, helps survival
118
Which of the following antibacterials are NOT resisted by MLS-type B resistance?
clindamycin (Cliocin)
azithromycin (Zithromax)
lincomycin (Lincocin)
tetracycline
119
Which of the following class of drugs has been affected by antimicrobial resistance?
Beta-lactams
Rifampin
All the above
Fluoroquinolones
120
Which of the following is a characteristic of infection by Clostridium tetani?
Gram-negative rod
Causes flaccid paralysis
Enters host via wound and invades tissues; highly invasive
Major toxin is tetanospasmin
121
Quinolones primarily act by inhibiting which bacterial enzyme(s)?
β-lactamase
RNA polymerase
Topoisomerase IV
DNA gyrase
122
What feature makes Oxacillin and Dicloxacillin resistant to β-lactamase enzymes and suitable for oral administration?
Electron-donating groups and narrow spectrum
Steric hindrance and acid stability
High potency against Gram-negative bacteria
Broad spectrum and β-lactamase susceptibility
123
Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Why your booty hole is brown....
Strep throat
Community-acquired pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
124
Which of the following is an example of vertical transmission?
A person sneezing and spreading COVID-19
A mosquito transmitting malaria
A tick transmitting Lyme disease
A mother passing HIV to her newborn
125
Which of the following statements concerning aminoglycosides is FALSE?
The aminoglycosides are bacteriocidal.
The aminoglycosides are highly water soluble.
As a class, the aminoglycosides are strongly acidic.
NOT MEEEEEE
126
A patient develops C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Which antibiotic is the most appropriate treatment?
Vancomycin (oral)
Fidaxomicin
Tigecycline
Metronidazole (IV)
127
Which of the following contributes to antibiotic resistance?
Using only broad-spectrum antibiotics
Proper dosing and duration
Overuse of antibiotics
Avoiding unnecessary prescriptions

I & I BLOCK EXAM 2 2025 Flashcards | StudBud