What is Self-Presentation?

Managing how others perceive us.

What is “Focalism” ?

Negative event will be the centre of life, no other event wil fix it impact

The 5 Basic Core Motives are…

Belonging, Understanding, Controlling, Enhancing-self and Trusting Others

Does Article 4’s design rule out self-worths influence on self-perceptions?

It doesn’t rule out that self-esteem(worth) might affect self-perceptions.

Operational Definitions of the Self are …

Self-Concept Self-Esteem Self-Presentation

The TRUSTING-OTHERS core motive is …

The social world is kind, others uplift others, trust that harm won’t occur

What is the textbook's definition of prosocial behaviour?

Acts intended to help others, can vary over time and place, excludes onself

Is there any relationship between alcohol consumption and the perpetration of violent crimes?

50% of violent crimes involve intoxicated offenders

In Higgins' (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory, what are the three self-guides that regulate behaviour?

Actual Self Ideal Self Ought Self

What posits a Good Theory?

causal relationships coherent, parsimonious and falsifiable.

An example of people blaming personality rather than situation is…

Alice turned In her paper late? She’s a procrastinator.

Why do social psychologists emphasise situations rather then personalities ?

Because ordinary people rely too much on personality

What conditions must be met for our social cognition to identify someone as a “cheater”?

Takes BENEFIT from social exchange, fails to meet agreement INTENTIONally.

Evaluating a theory should …

not be evaluated on a single study, but on a body of evidence

Is the effect of alcohol physiological, psychological (e.g., a placebo effect), or both?

Both. What you drink matters but so does what you think you drank.

What is Conceptualisation?

Social psychologist DEVELOP hypotheses by applying theory to social problem

What is the Transparency Effect?

tend to think that their inner selves leak out and are detected by others

What are the three core social motives that explain the self:

Understanding Self-Enhancement Belonging

What are the 3 Why’s?

immediate influence development influence + learning evolutionary basis

When social scientists investigate the behaviour of groups, they move more towards…

the sociological end of social psychology.

What is Entitativity?

Group is coherent, unified, meaningful. Belong together, real group.

What is Instrumental Aggression?

behaviour used as a means to achieve a goal, premeditated and controlled.

What is a “Main Effect”?

Describes the isolated effect/significance of one IV on the outcome.

What is the Conventional level of Moral reasoning?

Follows rules and norms, even when no good or bad outcome. BELONG motive

What is the Interrelated Self-Concept?

identity comes from the self IN relationship to others

What does Kin Selection say about how evolution works?

It is about the survival and reproduction of genes - shared relative genes

What is the Societal Self?

Social identities at the level of collective/culture class gender ethnicity

Category‐based response, negative responses to outgroup then the ingroup.

Conceptual Levels of the Self are …

Body Self Inner Self Interpersonal Self Societal Self

What is meant by “Cool and indirect”?

Biases that withhold positive feelings from outgroups = downplay success

Men live longer if they report social ties, specifically…

with marriage, contacts, extended family, friends, church membership etc.

What are examples of prosocial behaviours?

helping, comforting, sharing, cooperating, reassuring, defending

Does evidence for an evolutionary explanation mean that sociocultural influences are unimportant?

No. Evolutionary and sociocultural explanations can coexist both important.

People come to know themselves through?

Self-Perception Introspection Social Comparison Social Feedback

What is the Body Self (Material self)?

extends boundaries of the body. possessions, physical identity, appearance

What are examples of Social Influences?

Social Trivia such as fashion, hairstyles etc

Are men (or boys) always more easily provoked by others’ aggression, regardless of the type of aggression?

No, men aren’t always easily provoked, can respond more strongly to direct.

What is an example of Association?

1) power and 2)abusiveness 1)altruism and 2) life satisfaction

What is Discrimination?

Acting on stereotypes or prejudice to deny equal treatment.

studbud

PSY287 - Exam S1 2025

200 termsStudBud Administration8 plays

Exam preparation for PSY287 - Evolutionary Psychology at Murdoch University. Semester 1, 2025

Flashcards200 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 200

Answers

1
What is Self-Presentation?
Managing how others perceive us.
Pride in up-keeping physical appearance
Managing how we perceive ourselves through physical means
2
Northerners tend to show and tolerate low-level hostility more regularly.
True
False
3
The mind consists of separate information-processing systems, each designed to tackle evolutionary challenges.
False
True
4
What is “Focalism” ?
It refers to a rare vision disorder where people can only see one color.
It’s the tendency to forget the most important parts of an event.
Negative event will be the centre of life, no other event wil fix it impact
It’s a photography technique used to blur backgrounds.
5
Thin-slice judgments (quick assessments based on minimal information) are not accurate.
True
False
6
The 5 Basic Core Motives are…
Self-worth, Confidence, Attributes, Learning and Growth
Belonging, Understanding, Controlling, Enhancing-self and Trusting Others
Group Acceptance, Acknowledgement, Guidance, Trust and Self-esteem
7
Does Article 4’s design rule out self-worths influence on self-perceptions?
It doesn’t rule out that self-esteem(worth) might affect self-perceptions.
Yes, because the study proves causation beyond doubt
Yes, since self-perceptions are fixed and can’t be influenced.
No, because self-worth was not measured at all.
8
Operational Definitions of the Self are …
Random labels given to people without purpose.
Society Goals Assumptions
Definitions that cannot be tested, observed, or measured.
Self-Concept Self-Esteem Self-Presentation
9
The TRUSTING-OTHERS core motive is …
The social world is kind, others uplift others, trust that harm won’t occur
trusting others can only occur in friendships
trusting others is hard and not to be taken lightly
10
Someone takes a benefit from us and fails to repay us because they have forgotten. We label them a CHEATER.
True
False
11
What is the textbook's definition of prosocial behaviour?
Any action done to gain personal fame and wealth.
Aggressive behaviour used to protect someone you care about.
Acts intended to help others, can vary over time and place, excludes onself
Behaving in a way that ensures you're always the leader of a group
12
Is there any relationship between alcohol consumption and the perpetration of violent crimes?
50% of violent crimes involve intoxicated offenders
No, alcohol makes people too sleepy to be aggressive
Yes, alcohol completely prevents people from committing crimes
Alcohol only affects memory, not behavior
13
People perceive others as LESS aggressive if they believe they are drunk, even if there is no actual intoxication
True
False
14
Which regions reflect a greater acceptance of violence for self-protection, coercion, and punishment?
The North Pole and Antarctica
Remote islands where conflict is settled through dance competitions
Highly urbanized Scandinavian countries like Sweden and Norway
U.S. South and West
15
In Higgins' (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory, what are the three self-guides that regulate behaviour?
The conscious self, the unconscious self, and the dream self.
The emotional self, the logical self, and the physical self.
The material self, the spiritual self, and the social self.
Actual Self Ideal Self Ought Self
16
What posits a Good Theory?
causal relationships coherent, parsimonious and falsifiable.
independence preference ideology perception
One that cannot be tested or proven wrong.
communication management preference emphasis
17
An example of people blaming personality rather than situation is…
Alice is late again, she must be struggling at home
Alice turned In her paper late? She’s a procrastinator.
She’s so stubborn, such a taurus
18
Why do social psychologists emphasise situations rather then personalities ?
Social psychologists emphasise both the same amount.
Because ordinary people rely too much on personality
because situations trigger evolutionary responses.
Social psychologists don’t emphasise situations over personalities
19
What conditions must be met for our social cognition to identify someone as a “cheater”?
Takes BENEFIT from social exchange, fails to meet agreement INTENTIONally.
They refuse a benefit but still meet all obligations.
They give more than was required in an exchange.
They accidentally forget to follow a rule
20
Evaluating a theory should …
be evaluated first through one singular study
not be evaluated on a single study, but on a body of evidence
not be about disproving the hypothesis
Be based only on personal opinions and beliefs.
21
Is the effect of alcohol physiological, psychological (e.g., a placebo effect), or both?
It’s neither, alcohol has no real effect on the body or mind.
It’s purely psychological, alcohol only works if people believe it does
It’s purely physical, psychology has nothing to do with it.
Both. What you drink matters but so does what you think you drank.
22
What are the Core Social Motives in Social Cognition?
Belonging, sleeping, eating, and running.
Self-enhancement, belonging, multitasking, and fashion sense.
Understanding Control Trust
Competition, independence, rebellion, and dominance.
23
What is Conceptualisation?
The creation of tests to establish accuracy for a hypothesis
Social psychologist DEVELOP hypotheses by applying theory to social problem
The outcome for a test on an ANOVA
24
Southerners are more polite but less reactive to minor hostility but when provoked repeatedly tend to react more intense
False
True
25
What is the Transparency Effect?
companies openly share all of their financial records with the public
tend to think that their inner selves leak out and are detected by others
It’s a visual illusion where glass objects become invisible
It’s a government policy about making voting results clear to citizens.
26
If your partner is an 8 and you are a 6, your less likely to leave them if they cheat
True
False
27
What are the three core social motives that explain the self:
Trusting Others Control Responsibility
Understanding Self-Enhancement Belonging
Representation Dialect Strength
28
What are the 3 Why’s?
1. what 2. when 3. why
1. Why the theory is plausible. 2. why the theory is tested 3. the outcome
immediate influence development influence + learning evolutionary basis
29
When social scientists investigate the behaviour of groups, they move more towards…
the sociological end of social psychology.
discovering in more depth how group behaviour impacts us.
findings that explain how individuals differ when in a group
30
What is Entitativity?
A personality trait that describes how sociable a person is.
The process by which individuals change their group membership over time.
Group is coherent, unified, meaningful. Belong together, real group.
The legal status of a group recognised by government institutions
31
What is Instrumental Aggression?
behaviour used as a means to achieve a goal, premeditated and controlled.
It's aggression that happens by accident without any purpose.
It's aggression that occurs only when someone is very angry
someone acts aggressively only during music lessons
32
What is a “Main Effect”?
Describes the isolated effect/significance of one IV on the outcome.
The combined impact of two variables interacting together.
the main effect of a situation on a group of people
a term used in society regarding the main behaviour seen
33
What is the Conventional level of Moral reasoning?
People base moral decisions entirely on self-interest. UNDERSTAND
moral reasoning is guided by dreams, intuition, and astrology
Follows rules and norms, even when no good or bad outcome. BELONG motive
people reject all laws and rules in favor of personal ethical principles.
34
What is the Interrelated Self-Concept?
identity comes from the self IN relationship to others
A person only defines themselves through their material possessions.
It refers to how well someone understands economics.
It’s a theory that people have no influence on each other’s identities.
35
What does Kin Selection say about how evolution works?
evolution always favors the strongest and most aggressive individual
Evolution favors individuals who only help strangers, not family
genes are irrelevant in determining helping behavior.
It is about the survival and reproduction of genes - shared relative genes
36
What is the Societal Self?
It’s a legal document that proves your identity, like a passport.
Social identities at the level of collective/culture class gender ethnicity
Your favourite hobbies and how you relax when you're alone
part of yourself that controls your body
37
What is a Bias?
It is a completely objective and logical way of thinking.
It’s a type of computer program that helps with decision-making
Bias means always making the right choice quickly.
Category‐based response, negative responses to outgroup then the ingroup.
38
Someone takes a benefit from us and fails to repay us, and they intended to do that. We label them a CHEATER.
False
True
39
Conceptual Levels of the Self are …
Body Self Inner Self Interpersonal Self Societal Self
Intelligence Self Identity Figurative Self Autonomous Self
Expertise Self Desired Self Spiritual Self Passivity Self
40
What is meant by “Cool and indirect”?
A way of showing extreme warmth and enthusiasm toward others.
A direct and aggressive form of expressing prejudice to outgroups
Leadership that involves yelling and confrontation.
Biases that withhold positive feelings from outgroups = downplay success
41
Men live longer if they report social ties, specifically…
sports friendships and children
children and parents
with marriage, contacts, extended family, friends, church membership etc.
42
What are examples of prosocial behaviours?
helping, comforting, sharing, cooperating, reassuring, defending
Ignoring someone who needs help so you’re not late.
Cheating on a test to get ahead.
Yelling at someone to prove a point.
43
Does evidence for an evolutionary explanation mean that sociocultural influences are unimportant?
No. Evolutionary and sociocultural explanations can coexist both important.
Yes, evolutionary explanations are more important and crucial than socio
Sociocultural is the only important influence.
There are no evolutionary explanations, only proposed theories.
44
People come to know themselves through?
Self-Assement suggestions Sense of Worth Energy
Self-Perception Introspection Social Comparison Social Feedback
Dependence Self Affection Assessment Distortions
45
What is the Body Self (Material self)?
refers to a person’s spiritual connection to the universe.
concept used only in physics to measure mass and energy.
extends boundaries of the body. possessions, physical identity, appearance
It’s the belief that the body doesn’t influence identity at all
46
People aim for “good enough” understanding rather than perfect accuracy.
True
False
47
What are examples of Social Influences?
alcohol consumption, drugs
movies and tv shows
Social Trivia such as fashion, hairstyles etc
48
Are men (or boys) always more easily provoked by others’ aggression, regardless of the type of aggression?
No, men are never provoked by aggression because they are naturally calm.
No, men aren’t always easily provoked, can respond more strongly to direct.
Yes, because men don’t understand different types of aggression.
Yes, men are equally provoked by both physical and relational aggression
49
What are the Three Degrees of Perceived Social Presence?
Presence, Implicit, Agreed.
Anger, Impaired, Irrational.
Actual, Imagined, Implied.
Association, Thought, Present.
50
What is an example of Association?
1) depression and 2) fullfilment
1) kindness and 2) abusiveness
Eating junk food directly causes poor grades.
1) power and 2)abusiveness 1)altruism and 2) life satisfaction
51
What is Discrimination?
An ability to tell the difference between musical notes
Acting on stereotypes or prejudice to deny equal treatment.
A fair process of choosing the best person for a job based only on skills
Being overly kind to everyone regardless of their background.
52
What is Falsifiability?
a theory is typically false
When a theory is guaranteed to be true.
Most theories hold true, and can’t be false in particular ways
The theory must allow for data that could disprove it.
53
Why is integrating evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives important?
evolutionary explanations are more important than both and sociocultural
Uniting evolution and sociocultural enhances the grasp of human psychology.
It is not important.
54
What is Harmony Control?
People choose to trust their own outcomes to other people.
a focus on peacefulness and mindfulness
Is the emphasising for the autonomous person
55
What is Temporal Priority?
When two events happen at the same time.
to place emphasis on the temporal lobes’ importance for social function
the temporal lobe derives social behaviour
The alleged cause must come before the effect
56
people misinterpret extreme data points and overestimate rare events
False
True
57
What is the Ought Self?
It’s the person you fantasize about becoming if you had no limitations.
Expected attributes/duties shaped by societal, cultural, or moral norms.
It’s your true self, based only on your current traits and behaviors.
The version of yourself that only exists in your dreams or imagination.
58
What is an example of the Moralistic Fallacy?
Warfare is destructive and tragic, and so it is not of human nature.
Warfare is good as it established our morals as a society
Plastic is manmade, therefore moral and good.
Saying murder is wrong because it causes harm.
59
The CONTROLLING core motive is …
to control others to benefit oneself
Supports people to feel effective dealing with social environment/themself
the need for control in ones life and of others
60
What is Reactive Aggression?
It’s aggression planned in advance to achieve a specific goal
It’s when someone hurts another person by accident.
used only in sports or competitive games
responds to a perceived threat - strikes back, blames others in fights
61
Is the link/scores between self-rated attractiveness and self-esteem the same for men and women?
No, men had higher scores besides in facial attractiveness
Yes, it’s identical for both genders in all studies
No, only men’s self-esteem is affected by attractiveness
Yes, because women don’t consider appearance important
62
What individual or social factors affect self-esteem?
Random luck with no link to personal or social experiences.
How attractive, romantically confident & desirable people feel to others
Only genetics, with no influence from appearance or relationships.
The weather and time of day
63
(CV - Causal Variable. OV - Outcome Variable) To establish a Causal Relationship, these 3 things should occur …
The OV must happen before the CV, and there must be a random coincidence.
1. Why & how CV 2. Effect & Feeling OV 3. Behaviour & Outcome
The CV and OV must be unrelated, and results should vary every time.
Relationship seen - CV precedes before OV No Alternative exp Nonspurious
64
Core social motives prominent in aggression research include…
Understanding, Controlling, Self-Enhancing
Geography, temperature, and time of day.
Thirst, hunger, and sleep
Trusting Others, Belonging
65
What is Social Psychology?
Studying the effect of society on individuals
Understanding the complex needs of certain individuals
Scientific studies of how individuals are influenced in many ways by others
66
What is Simulation Heuristic?
It’s when people use virtual reality to practice social situations.
Assessing scenarios by envisioning alternative outcomes easily.
It’s a technique actors use to simulate emotions during a performance.
It’s a method for creating computer models of human behavior.
67
What is the Post-conventional level of Moral reasoning?
develops personal ethics/morals for guiding decisions and action UNDERSTAND
people blindly follow rules and laws to gain approval from others.
people make moral decisions based only on avoiding punishment. TRUST
people stop using logic and rely completely on emotions
68
What is the Descriptive Models of social decision making?
only describe decisions made by computers, not humans.
What others actually do and how they function. Heavily inaccurate & biased
fictional models used in literature to describe characters' decisions.
69
What are the reasons that people don’t talk about social bias?
Everyone agrees completely on issues of bias.
People hold subtle prejudice, don’t admit bias Show outgroup favoritism now
Because talking about bias is legally prohibited.
social bias no longer exists in modern society.
70
How can evolutionary hypotheses inform sociocultural research? By understanding …
That the future belongs to those who believe in evolutionary influences
The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to challenge evolution Ms
Psychological m's evolutionary origins can predict behaviour in SC contexts
71
The mind can simultaneously hold mutually exclusive beliefs
False
True
72
Social Survival means …
surviving in an inseparable group
surviving in social groups, even if theyre bad for you
people who are more socially integrated survive better
73
Proactive and reactive aggression are useful, physical vs verbal and aggression vs violence are not so much
True
False
74
What is the “Self-Reference Effect”?
It is the tendency to forget information that’s personally relevant.
It’s when people always refer to themselves in the third person.
is the superior memory for information encountered & related to myself
It describes how people physically see their reflection in a mirror.
75
What is its Corollary?
That people trust machines more than humans.
people naturally avoid making any judgments at all
That people become more negative over time as they age
It is related to Vigilance and is an acute sensitivity to negativity.
76
The BELONGING core motive is…
To belong in a group of friends
We need strong, stable, ongoing, and secure relationships with others
To belong in a workplace environment
77
What is Self-Esteem?
feelings of identity
feelings of contentment with oneself
Feelings of worth and value.
78
Those four key levels can be collapsed into two broader categories known as …
Immediate and Aftermath
Evolutionary and Abstract level of analysis
Approximate level and Ultimate level of analysis.
79
What is Social Cognition?
It refers to how animals communicate using sounds and signals.
improving physical coordination in social environments.
It’s the ability to solve math problems in a group setting.
refers to how people think about, interpret, and make sense of others.
80
What does the Approximate Level of Analysis do?
understand some of the negative influences.
Mechanism deals with trait development and function in life & current state
to achieve a complete understanding
81
What is a Normal Model of social decision making?
model that only applies to non-social, mathematical decision
IDEAL attribution process. Should be thinking for rational decision making
explains how people always make irrational and emotional decisions.
everyone makes the same social decisions regardless of context.
82
What is the Inner Self (Spiritual self)?
inner thoughts & feelings best represent their experiences of themselves
refers to a person’s physical appearance and clothing style.
part of you that controls muscle movements and reflexes
version of yourself that only exists online or on social media.
83
What example illustrates how evolutionary reasoning predicts cultural variation?
Viruses can only reproduce by infecting the cells of a host organism.
All cultures value and express the exact same behaviours
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity is a gene.
High pathogen areas, people prioritize physical attractiveness more.
84
What is Proactive Aggression?
It’s when someone uses aggression to stop themselves from getting angry.
It’s aggression that only happens during emergencies
It's when someone aggressively reacts to being insulted or provoked
it takes the initiative uses physical force to dominate and bullies others.
85
Approximate and ultimate analyses, with diverse questions, are vital for full understanding of a phenomenon.
True
False
86
An example of Harmony Control is …
I feel secure knowing my friends will take care of me, should I need it
Feeling the desire to live in solitude
Practising mindfulness and gratitude
87
Are sociocultural explanations and evolutionary explanations in conflict with one another?
No, SC&E explanations aren’t in conflict. They can Complement each other
Yes, because only one can be scientifically valid.
Yes, since evolution ignores social influences completely.
Yes, because sociocultural theories reject the idea of human nature.
88
Are we more likely to have category-based responses to Ingroup members or Outgroup members? Which is positive/negative?
view outgroup members positively and ingroup members negatively
both ingroup and outgroup members the same, with no bias
Outgroup members and negative
more categorically to ingroup members, usually in a negative way.
89
The approximate-ultimate distinction is key to progress in psychology for what three reasons?
Can’t understand if half is ignored Additional insight Resolves conflicts
learn about others, understand the true meaning, discover new abilities.
90
What is Direct Fitness?
It measures how healthy someone feels on a daily basis
your own reproductive success
It refers to the number of close friends a person has.
a type of workout program that improves strength
91
What are the 3 components of a psychological mechanism?
1. Memory, 2. Intelligence, 3. Personality.
1. Genes, 2. Environment, 3. Culture.
1. Emotion, 2. Motivation, 3. Behaviour.
1. Input, 2. Procedure/Process, 3. Output.
92
What is Anchoring & Adjustment?
It’s a sailing technique used to keep boats from drifting.
It’s when people adjust their physical posture to improve confidence.
process of anchoring memories in long-term storage through rehearsal.
Using an initial anchor (information) and not adjusting from it enough.
93
Cognitive structure and process are two foci of what type of social psychological research?
Evolutionary biology
Psychoanalytic research
Behaviorist research.
Social Cognition Research
94
What is the textbook's conceptual definition of empathy?
mirror/mimic another's emotion to interpret their emotional state
seeking constant admiration and attention from those around them.
overly focused on themselves and their own needs.
95
Self-complexity buffers against stress and negative experiences
True
False
96
What is the Moralistic Fallacy?
Thinking science should never be used to explain human behaviour.
Assuming that something is that way because it should be
Believing that immoral behavior is always natural.
Morally putting values first over safety
97
What is Internal Coherence?
To apply internal reliability to the study
When a theory includes as many unrelated ideas as possible.
All parts of theory agree with each other, not contradictory, makes sense.
to apply internal validity to coherence
98
What is an example of compatible evolutionary and sociocultural explanations?
Disobedience Theory and Life History Theory
Sexual Strat Theory & SC Theory = gender roles & cultural exp shape behavor
Power Theory and Cultural Evolution Theory
99
Receiving negative feedback about their capacity as a mate, what happens to their self-esteem compared to others?
It stays the same since self-esteem is fixed and unchangeable
It increases because criticism boosts confidence.
It improves more than after receiving positive feedback.
S-E decreases, compared to those who do not receive such feedback.
100
Name 2 phenomena that describe how people think that others notice much more about them than they actually do?
Confirmation bias and classical conditioning.
Self-actualization and cognitive dissonance
The Spotlight effect & The Transparency effect
Groupthink and operant conditioning
101
What is a Causal Relationship?
When two events happen at the same time by coincidence.
A relationship that has a negative consequence
It explains that some positive behaviour happens out of negative situation
It is explaining that some behaviour occurs because of some situation.
102
What does the research imply about universal human nature?
Psychological M’s are flexible and respond to environmental inputs
Human nature relies on the hippocampus for memory retention
Human nature is typically stable, with little variation in behaviour
103
What is Cognitive Miser Theory?
budgeting strategy for planning cognitive science research expenses
people try to spend as much mental energy as possible to make decisions.
describes how misers become more intelligent over time.
People conserve mental effort and rely on shortcuts.
104
Heuristics (mental shortcuts) help with quick judgments but lead to biases
False
True
105
What is The Ultimate Attribution Error?
Blaming yourself for others’ mistakes in a group setting
Assuming all people act randomly with no cause behind their behavior.
Biased explanation for behaviour that favours our group and blames others
Attributing success only to luck, regardless of effort or ability
106
What is Culture of Honor?
A system of government based on honoring royalty.
Southern males' norms place greater value on toughness and retaliation
people avoid conflict at all costs to maintain peace.
A religious tradition that requires daily rituals of gratitude.
107
What does research say about the specific conditions in which intergroup contact can reduce prejudice?
Prejudice is reduced only when groups avoid each other completely.
Contact works best when one group dominates the other.
Prejudice fades naturally over time without any structured interaction.
Reduces prejudice if groups meet as equals, need each other, feel supported
108
What is catharsis?
letting off steam by watching violence instead of engaging in it
avoids expressing emotions to maintain inner peace.
It’s a type of physical therapy for joint pain relief.
It’s a method for memorizing long lists of facts using repetition
109
Which types of aggression are men (or boys) more likely to exhibit than women (or girls)?
Emotional manipulation and social exclusion
physical aggression
Verbal teasing and indirect gossip
Crying aggressively to intimidate others.
110
What is Ambiguous?
A fact that can only be understood one way.
Hard to detect. Unclear, more than one possible meaning/interpretation
Strong opinion that leaves no room for interpretation.
Something that is completely clear and easy to understand.
111
People often focus on confirming evidence and ignore base rates
True
False
112
People describe themselves differently based on the setting or audience.
True
False
113
What is Indirect Fitness?
the reproductive success of your relatives, weighed by how related they are
It’s the ability to reproduce without having any social contact.
It’s how many times an animal escapes predators
It’s how physically fit someone becomes by watching others exercise.
114
What is Essentialism?
A teaching method that focuses on student-led learning and exploration
A time management strategy that involves focusing only on urgent tasks.
Groups have fixed deep-traits that make them real. Oversimple lead to bias.
The belief that all cultures are equally valid and should be preserved.
115
The ENHANCING-SELF core motive is …
maintain self-esteem or motivated by the possibility of self-improvement.
consistently making an effort to enhance oneself in unrealistic ways
to constantly check oneself to ensure confidence
116
What is Crucial Group Decisions?
decisions made as a group confidently
decisions made by an individual for a group,
crucial decisions made for a group by one group member
117
What is the Preconventional level of Moral reasoning?
It’s the stage where people follow laws strictly to maintain social order
It’s when people make moral decisions based on universal human rights
involves mature reasoning guided by empathy and long-term moral reflection.
Follow rules from authority to avoid punishment/get rewards. CONTROL motive
118
What are the different motives for engaging in altruism?
Self-enhance Belonging Trust Understanding
Circumstance and Situation
Control and Intelligence
119
What are the 3 factors needed to Infer Causality?
Association Temporal Priority Spurious relationship
Independence Preference Perception
Memory Assistance Goals
120
Women’s benefits for social ties are …
more beneficial and can prevent diseases
stronger and more important
weaker but still significant.
121
What are the characteristics of a culture of honor (e.g., what features define a “culture of honor”)?
A culture that promotes complete forgiveness
reputation, retaliation, norms, weak reliance on laws
A society where physical strength is irrelevant and insults are ignored
"A workplace environment where employees are rewarded for punctuality
122
Do social or cultural inputs influence the output (e.g., behaviour) produced by psychological mechanisms (PMs)?
Behavior is entirely random and not influenced by any inputs.
Both shape how PMs are triggered and what outputs they produce.
PMs only respond to biological signals, not social or cultural ones.
No, outputs are always the same regardless of input.
123
What is Prejudice?
A type of legal document used in court cases
React positively/negatively to someone based on feelings about their group
A scientific theory explaining how gravity works.
An unbiased and fair evaluation of individuals based on their behavior
124
What is the Positivity Bias?
People expect others to be nice, competent and honest. Trustworthy.
remember negative events more than positive ones
people must express positive emotions in all social situations
people always believe others are smarter than they are
125
What is an “Interaction”?
One IV's effect on the DV relies on another IV’s level, combined influence
The effect of just one variable on its own, ignoring all others.
The interaction between an individual with another
The interactions between group members
126
What is a Dependent Variable (DV)?
The variable used to cause an effect on the IV
The DV is what you measure after applying IV (blood pressure) - outcome
The predictor variable - the one that you can manipulate
The factor that the researcher changes on purpose.
127
What is a “meta-analysis”?
A detailed analysis of one single study.
a subform of an ANOVA
It examines one research question in multiple studies, retrieving data.
is similar to a persuasive essay
128
The Ultimate Level of Analysis does?
determination of success in life
reproduction and genetic value
why the trait works that way and why it exists in the first place
129
Why are there cultures of honor in some ecological/geographical regions but not others?
U.S. South & West - stronger social organisation linked to higher violence
Because some regions have better access to streaming services and media
cultures only develop in cold, snowy climates where people stay indoors.
Because some governments legally require people to duel when insulted
130
An example of Approximate Level of Analysis is?
what if our mind isn’t real?
determining why an eye has the ability to see
How something works - how the liver works or what causes the sucking reflex
131
What are the different levels of moral reasoning (e.g., Kohlberg's)
Obedience, rebellion, and complete freedom.
Childhood, adulthood, and retirement morality.
Emotional, physical, and spiritual reasoning.
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
132
What are the psychological and behavioural effects of being in the “presence” of weapons?
People become instantly more peaceful and cooperative.
It improves memory and concentration regardless of the context
subtly increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors.
It has no psychological or behavioral impact
133
What is a Stereotype?
A scientific method for measuring personality traits
Beliefs about someone’s characteristics/traits and why they fit in a group.
A type of music player used in the 1980s
A completely accurate description of every individual in a group.
134
What is the Isolated Self-Concept?
the physical space a person needs to feel comfortable
identity that develops as an individual separate from family & friends
It refers to the way animals recognize their reflections in mirrors.
It’s the idea that a person has no personality traits at all.
135
What is “Affective Forecasting’?
peoples attempts to predict how future events will make them feel
predicting other people’s emotions by reading their facial expressions
echnique where people try to control their emotions
It’s a method used by meteorologists to predict weather based on mood.
136
What is the Ideal Self?
version of yourself that others expect you to be to avoid punishment.
It’s the completely unchanging core identity you’re born with
Embodies desired qualities, reflecting ideal aspirations/goals and wishes.
It’s the self that is reflected in legal documents like your ID or passport
137
What is Ambivalent?
Biases are associated with both positive/negative feelings toward a group
Strongly favoring one side over another without doubt.
Having no feelings or opinions at all.
Being completely certain and confident about a decision.
138
Which types of aggression are women (or girls) more likely to exhibit than men (or boys)?
Physical fighting and direct violence.
Random outbursts of physical rage in public settings
Armed robbery and street gang violence
Relational and Verbal Aggression - exclusion, gossip, or manipulation
139
What is the Spotlight Effect?
It’s when people can focus on many tasks at once with perfect attention.
think other people notice and evaluate them more than they actually do
people notice everything about others in social situations
It’s a lighting technique used in theater to highlight the main actor
140
Niko Tinbergen argued that a complete understanding of a biological trait requires answering what four key questions?
system development, immediate mechanism, trait evolution, adaptive value
recognize compensation climate reporter
function slot momentum reluctance
141
How do Main Effect & Interaction Differ?
ME: only applies to 1 group, IE: applies to everyone
Interaction effects are just stronger versions of main effects
ME: happen when variables cancel each other out. IE: happen when they don’t
ME: views the impact of one IV IE: effect of one V changes based on another
142
What is an example of the Ultimate Attribution Error?
Ingroup - He was just having a bad day. Outgroup - they’re bad people.
Friend failed test - it was hard. Other friend failed - they didn’t study.
Assuming a celebrity succeeded because of talent and hard work.
Blaming a traffic jam on bad weather conditions.
143
Which cultures are on average more Collectivist?
North American and African
European cultures
Asian, African and South American cultures
144
What is Hostile Aggression?
person defends themselves without showing any emotion
someone accidentally hurts another person without meaning to
seeks harm as the primary goal, angry, impulsive, and automatic
used to achieve a practical goal, like gaining money
145
The taxonomy points out three dimensions of aggression …
physical–verbal, active–passive, direct–indirect
Love, happiness, and generosity.
Height, weight, and speed.
Past, present, and future aggression levels
146
What is Benevolent Sexism?
Gender-neutral policies in the workplace.
Open hatred or hostility toward women.
A positive attitude toward women that reinforces traditional gender roles
Support for complete gender equality in all areas.
147
What is the Tripod that underlies many phenomena in social psychology?
Thought(Cognition) Feeling(Affect) Behaviour(Action)
Emotion, Mind, Body
Action, Fear, Presence
148
What is External Coherence?
Theory in psych must align with knowledge from others - chem, bio & physics
external factors do not impact coherence, but should be monitored
External factors impact the theory and its coherence
When a theory ignores all existing evidence and stands alone.
149
Social neuroscience shows that social exclusion activates …
similar systems to physical pain.
particularly in children, the risk of development for anti-social PD
pathways leading to increase risk of anxiety and depression
150
What is Self-Concept?
spiritual connection to ones desired self
idea about who oneself is
Knowledge and beliefs about oneself.
151
What does Social Cognition build on?
Life History Theory - reproduction, connection and esteem.
Astrology and personality types.
Genetics and brain structure only,
Attribution theory - examines attention, memory, inference & concept form.
152
Why do we have Evolved Psychological Mechanism’s?
We do not have an understanding for why humans have them
To help us adapt to modern technology and social media.
Because humans needed random traits with no survival purpose
We have them because they are designed to solve the problem they can solve.
153
Those with high social support live longer after a heart attack than people with low social support or high depression
True
False
154
What is Inclusive Fitness?
total number of muscles used during a full-body workout."
membership program that welcomes people of all ages and abilities.
direct fitness + indirect fitness.
It refers to how many different species an individual helps survive.
155
What is the textbook’s definition of aggression?
helping others in a forceful or enthusiastic way.
entails any behaviour with intent is harm to another person
when someone feels angry but doesn’t act on it.
any physical activity, like playing sports or exercising
156
What do others rely on in social interactions to form impressions?
People rely on social categories and habitual dimensions
What kind of car a person drives, even if you’ve never met them.
The number of social media followers a person has.
Astrological signs and horoscope compatibility.
157
How do evolutionary and sociocultural explanations differ in their focus?
E: historical reasons for psychological m's S: behaviour & culture influenc
E: is primary and crucial to focus. S: is secondary and not as important
158
What are the characteristics of subtle biases that make them more difficult to detect?
They are always openly expressed and easy to notice.
They are only found in official laws and policies.
They involve physical aggression or loud behavior.
Automatic, unconscious, unintentional; it's ambiguous; and it's ambivalent
159
Why does Social Influence work?
People are motivated to belong and comply with what influences others.
it doesn’t work and is very dependent on the individuals self-esteem
because of unspoken internal preassure
160
What is Hostile Sexism?
Feeling uncertain or conflicted about gender roles.
Negative attitudes toward women that challenge male power/traditional roles
Positive attitudes - Praising women for being nurturing and caring.
Encouraging equal opportunities for all genders.
161
What is Association?
attempts to explain or account for natural relationships
A phenomenon of interest is associated with another phenomenon of interest
When one variable causes another to happen.
a social situation - which itself creates the awful conditions and failures
162
What is an Independent Variable (IV) ?
IV the one you manipulate (medicine dose) = the cause, predictor variable
A variable that stays constant and never changes
The outcome variable
the variable that is measured - outcome
163
The UNDERSTANDING core motive is …
to felt understood
Understand the environment to predict/make sense of what’s going to happen
to understand ourselves and others
164
The Self is Socially Constructed and is shaped by social contexts and relationships.
False
True
165
What is a Theory?
A logical attempt to explain relationships with observable phenomena
a summary of an uncertain and illogical idea
an idea that is confident in its conclusions
A random guess with no evidence or testing behind it.
166
Which cultures and more Individualists?
All cultures are individualist
North American and European Cultures
Chinese cultures
167
Are there circumstances in which the effect of alcohol on aggression decreases or increases? If so, what are they?
Aggression only increases if alcohol is mixed with sugary drinks
No, alcohol always has the exact same effect on everyone
Alcohol decreases self-awareness, but value reminders restore control.
Alcohol reduces aggression when people are in loud, crowded places
168
The social brain hypothesis links …
historically ever-increasing complexity of social life to more brain volume
brains decrease in the amygdala with increase of hippocampus
the mind becomes healthier in individuals who are social
169
What is Operationalisation?
Social psychologists TEST hypotheses, theory-based or application-oriented.
The process of forming an opinion based on personal beliefs.
How to develop a hypothesis
establishing HOW a hypothesis is effective and should be researched
170
What is the relationship between universal psychological mechanisms and cross-cultural variability in behaviour?
All cultures produce the exact same behaviours
Humans share PMs, but culture shapes how they are triggered and expressed
Cultural inputs have no effect on how PMs function.
Universal mechanisms only exist in Western cultures.
171
Do evolutionary explanations ignore cultural variability?
Yes. As EP focuses on the Evolutionary explanations only
No. EP expects cultural differences, as psych M’s interact w environment.
Evolutionary Psychology (EP) does not give mind to cultural influences
172
What is the Naturalistic Fallacy?
Believing that all natural things are false or unimportant.
Natural social contributions such as awkwardness are a fallacy
a fallacy that argues for morally natural and good decisions
Is a fallacy which argues that something natural must be good.
173
Tinbergen (1963) proposed four levels of analysis, what are the two Distal levels?
1. Evolutionary history of behaviour 2. Adaptive function of behaviour.
1. Session of behaviour 2. Measurement of behaviour
1. Ratio for Behaviour 2. Temperment
174
What is Parsimony?
complex theories hold more value and are explored more
Using as many complex explanations as possible
complex scientific theories hold more importance
Scientific theories are concise, explaining concepts with only necessities.
175
Do both minority and majority groups benefit from integration, or just one, or neither?
Only the majority group benefits; minorities always lose out.
Only minority groups benefit, while the majority is unaffected or harmed.
Neither group benefits because integration increases conflict
Both benefit, but minorities depend more on the quality and context.
176
What is Representativeness Heuristic?
It’s the process of voting for someone who represents your district.
It’s a technique actors use to represent emotions on stage.
Judging someone based on how much they resemble a stereotype.
people make decisions based on the exact statistics
177
Core social motives are defined as …
thought patterns for behaviour
underlying psychological processes for thinking, feelings & social behavior
motives of society
178
an example of Ultimate Level of Analysis is?
What is our liver for?
how does our mind work?
why does the liver filter/detoxify, why sucking reflex helps breastfeeding.
179
What is Availability Heuristic?
It’s when people make better decisions after they run out of options.
It’s a memory technique used to store as much information as possible
It’s when people make decisions only when a product is available in stores.
Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
180
What does it mean for methods to be “reproducible” and why is this important?
Replicability is crucial; it supports findings and validates experiments.
Although difficult, it is important for statistical tests.
most methods try to be replicable, but struggle too
results should be unique and never happen the same way twice.
181
(BEHAVIOUR) What are Tinbergen’s four levels of explanation? (first 2 proximate, last 2 distal)
immediate causes, development, evolutionary history, adaptive function
leadership description event meaning
responsibility assumption population reflection
182
The Self is Complex Yet Coherent - People have multiple self-schemas (different identities for different situations)
True
False
183
The mind is a single entity or a single “agent”
True
False
184
What is the Actual Self?
It’s your dream version of who you hope to become someday.
It’s the self that exists only in your imagination.
Reflects current perceived traits and abilities shaped by feedback & experi
It’s the person you pretend to be on social media.
185
What plays a key role in shaping perception?
Trust and social adaptation
Behaviours and identity
Thoughts and feelings
186
Social judgments depend on factors like the observer, the target, and the context.
True
False
187
What does the overall body of evidence indicate about the effect of exposure to violent media?
It proves that watching violent media instantly causes criminal behavior.
Unrestricted access enhances aggression when people are provoked
shows that violent media makes people more peaceful and cooperative.
It shows no psychological effects at all, people are completely unaffected
188
What is the Interpersonal Self (Social/Relational self)?
part of the self that exists only when you’re completely alone
It refers to your financial status and the things you own
It is the part of the self responsible for digestion and heart rate
Depends on the connections between people. Roles and relationships.
189
What does “natural categories” refer to in the context of boundaries between groups?
Race, Gender, Ethnicity
Government-created categories used for mailing lists and surveys.
Groups that are chosen based on personal preference or hobbies.
Temporary groupings formed randomly, like people waiting in a line
190
Tinbergen (1963) proposed four levels of analysis, the two Proximate levels are?
1. Immediate causes 2. Development of the behaviour during life (ontogeny)
1. Why and how 2. Effect and Feeling
1. agreement 2. reputable behaviour
191
Kin selection…
favors the genes of those who promote survival of closest genetic relatives
is the active process of putting your children first
means parents can tell who their children are by other senses besides sight
192
What is an example of Naturalistic Fallacy?
Saying stealing is wrong because it hurts others.
natural medicine is not researched enough, don’t trust
The formula is bad for the baby as it’s not natural. Should walk barefoot.
trees have a risk of falling/snapping.
193
Where/why do cultures of honor emerge?
In regions with strong legal systems and reliable police protection.
in fishing communities where sharing is the main survival strategy
In places where people are encouraged to ignore insults
Formal justice is weak, people defend their status, lasting cultural norms
194
Illusory correlations can reinforce stereotypes by linking unrelated events
False
True
195
Identity complexity varies, some people see their identities as overlapping, while others see them as separate.
False
True
196
When are evolutionary and sociocultural explanations in conflict? (particularly about Proximate causes)
only with opposite claims at the same analysis level, otherwise r compatibl
They are always in conflict as evolutionary explanations are more important
They are not in conflict.
197
Name the four contexts described in the chapter that guide people’s self-presentation?
Hunger, weather, sleep patterns, and zodiac signs.
The four seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter.
Personal Goals, Audience, Immediate Situation & Society
Social media filters, camera angles, lighting, and photo editing apps
198
All five core motives ensure what …
confidence in oneself
that boundaries don’t get crossed
people fit better into groups, thus increasing their chances of survival.
199
Are there circumstances in which the effect of exposure to violent media decreases or increases? If so, what are they?
increases kindness and has no connection to aggression.
It increases angry feelings, behaviours and decreases helpful behaviour
the effect of violent media is exactly the same for every person
200
What is the mistake often made when interpreting evolutionary explanations? (M = Mechanism’s)
M evolve through natural selection, should be free of social/cult influence
The human body is composed of several M systems, most important is anger
The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment

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