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The Big AP Psych Exam Review
The Big AP Psych Exam Review
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1
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
2
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
mean
range
standard deviation
3
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
4
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
placebo effect
presence of an authority figure
5
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
a theory
hindsight bias
overconfidence
self-serving bias
6
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
7
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
medulla
8
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
cut with a knife
say a sentence
write with a pencil
clap their hands
9
light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
retina
iris
blind spot
10
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
increasing group polarization within different groups
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
11
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
continuous
primary
secondary
12
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
relearning effect
leading questions
proactive interference
brain injury
13
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
test-retest reliability
standardization
construct validity
aptitude measures
14
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
moving her left hand
understanding what was said to her
solving a logic problem
15
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
serotonin
acetylcholine
adrenaline
dopamine
16
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
17
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation
18
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
19
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
make new friends
go for a run
20
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
21
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
in-group bias
individualism
22
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
23
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
convergence
closure
linear perspective
24
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
25
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
biological
humanistic
26
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
27
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
beta waves
sleep spindles
delta waves
28
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
representative assignment
random sampling
assignment to conditions
random assignment
29
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
long-term potentiation
30
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
trait
humanistic
psychoanalytic
31
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they involve more research participants than other studies
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
32
the somatic nervous system is part of the
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
33
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
inappropriate or flat affect
substance abuse and dependence
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
34
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
35
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
36
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
tolerance
dissociation
antagonists
activation-synthesis
37
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
38
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
39
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
40
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
41
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
42
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold
frequency theory
43
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
44
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
biological theory
45
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
amplitude of the wave
46
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
47
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
discrimination
assimilation
accommodation
48
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
49
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
functional fixedness
archetypes
inferiority complexes
50
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
68
95
84
50
51
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
52
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a probability of chance less than 5%
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a mean that is the same as the median
a correlation coefficient close to .75
53
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
social learning theory
the law of effect
latent learning
the overjustification effect
54
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
mean
standard deviation
median
55
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
theory Y
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
postconventional
56
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
57
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
role theory and dissociation theory
58
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
conformity
social facilitation
disinhibition
social roles
59
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
60
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
naturalistic observation
case study
correlation study
61
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
62
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
gate-control theory
transduction theory
frequency theory
63
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
stepping
Babinski
Moro
64
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
unconscious conflicts
65
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
systematic desensitization
token economies
client-centered therapy
66
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
sight
touch
balance
hearing
67
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
68
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
69
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
70
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
71
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
sublimation
latent learning
mirror neurons
72
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
73
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
74
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
75
In people, rods, unlike cones,
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
76
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
outliers
variances
modes
77
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
78
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
79
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
insight learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
80
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
MRI
EEG
rTMS
PET
81
which is an example of an implicit memory
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
82
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
83
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
84
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
personality
schizophrenic
dissociative
85
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
86
Which is most closely associated with creativity
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
87
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
phoneme
grapheme
morpheme
88
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
neuroticism
conscientiousness
openness
extraversion
89
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
difference threshold
bottom up processing
90
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
91
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
William James
Carl Rogers
92
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
a mental set
low experiential intelligence
93
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
just world bias
94
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
continuous
fixed ratio
variable interval
fixed variable
95
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
pens, pencils, and a computer
96
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
97
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
98
the limbic system plays an important role in
regulating emotion
planning for the future
maintaining balance
processing sensory information
99
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
early 20s
puberty
late 40s
mid 30s
100
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
101
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
assimilation
motor development
attachment
parenting style
102
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
touch
hearing
sight
smell
103
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
fovea
optic chiasm
feature detectors
104
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
105
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
106
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
107
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
fundamental
situational
internal
108
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
nonessential subjects like art and music
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
109
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
predictive validity
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
110
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
culture
family
temperament
111
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
reciprocity norm
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
out-group homogeneity
112
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
achievement
projective
standardized
113
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
inattentional blindness
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
114
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
synaptic cleft
terminal button
myelin
115
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
daily activities
sleep cycles
circadian rhythm
116
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
117
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
pons
hypothalamus
118
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
oral stage
phallic stage
latency period
119
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
Schachter two-factor theory
120
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
situational
social
121
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
social-cognitive study
developmental study
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
122
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
structuralist
123
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
124
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
125
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
social-cognitive
trait
psychoanalyst
humanist
126
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
127
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
social psychology
psychometrics
health psychology
128
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
group polarization
social facilitation
deindividuation
groupthink
129
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
EQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
IQ test
130
which structure is part of the inner ear
basilar membrane
malleus (hammer)
tympanic membrane
auditory canal
131
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
132
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
133
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
cerebellum
amygdala
hypothalamus
134
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
135
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
136
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
137
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
138
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
139
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
cognitive
evolutionary
psychodynamic
140
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Broca's area
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
141
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
142
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cornea
cones
rods
optic nerve
143
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
scapegoating
144
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
145
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
psychiatrist
146
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
147
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
148
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
counterbalancing
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
149
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
150
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
short-term memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
151
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
152
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
major depressive disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
153
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
modeling
negative reinforcement
154
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
lithium
benzodiazepines
SSRIs
L-Dopa
155
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
156
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
retroactive memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
157
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
deindividuation
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
158
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
159
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
aptitude intelligence
160
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
161
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
162
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
universal ethical principles
conservation
object permanence
163
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction